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pdhpe weak areas > sports medicine > Flashcards

sports medicine Flashcards

1
Q

what is taping and what is the role of taping in preventing and treating injury. give an examples of using taping as a form of prevention or treatment.

A

taping is an adhesive rigid tape that aims to isolate and support an injury or restrict movement at a joint. it can reduce the range of motion at the joint and provide joint stability for athletes.
examples of sports include
soccer: that needs agility, speed, and power, a considerable amount of stress can be placed on injuries - ACL knee tear injury

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2
Q

how does taping work?

A

taping works by the tape pulling on the athletes skin when tape is stretched providing a sensation. this sensation sends receptors to the brain of the athlete to not move in that direction that could cause injuries.

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3
Q

what is included in sports policy and the sports environment?

A
  • rules of sports and activities
  • modified rules for children
  • matching of opponents, eg growth and development, skill level.
  • use of protective equipment
  • safe grounds, equipment and facilities.
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4
Q

what are some examples of rules of sports and activities that promote safe participation?

A

there is heat rules, no head high tackles, blood bin rule.

heat rules in tennis, cricket - this includes increased number of drinks for players in extreme hot conditions to prevent overheating, hyperthermia and dehydration.

head high tackles in rugby to avoid head injuries eg. concussion.

blood bin rule in rugby to ensure that if players that sustain an injury must stop playing to clean up blood to avoid blood contamination and blood borne viruses.

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5
Q

why are modified rules made for children?

A

to meet their specific demands eg. not being fully developed, lack of thermoregulation and more susceptible to dehydration, injuries.

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6
Q

what are some examples of modified rules made for children?

A
  • modified equipment size
    eg. lowered netball hoop in netta netball.
    eg. plastic balls and bats for kanga cricket. to reduce injury and weight onto the equipment.
  • modified field size
    to not stress childrens cardiorespiratory and muscular endurance as they have not yet fully developed their thermoregulation preventing exhaustion,
    eg. aus kick, wally rugby.
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7
Q

why is matching of opponents to growth development and skill level important?

A

as children develop, they are at different levels of growth ie weight and skill level and, without an even balance, it can lead to collisions and injuries and thus having a balanced matching of opponents can encourage safe play.

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8
Q

what are the main purpose of protective equipment.

A
  1. to absorb and disperse energy from a blow eg. mouthguards and helmets.
  2. to protect against sharp instruments eg. chest guard in fencing
  3. to limit excess movement eg. slipping - studs in football.
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9
Q

what are some examples of sports and their protective equipment?

A

soccer: wearing shin guards, studded boots for grass providing maximum grip and preventing direct injuries from occurring.
mouth guards: in AFL, hockey, boxing to avoid dislodges to the teeth.

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10
Q

what are some examples of safe grounds and facilities?

A

safe grounds include ensuring goal posts if in field are padded to ensure if collision, injury is minimised, perimeter fences are well back from playing area to avoid collisions, adequate safe mats for gymnastics to avoid strains, to clear away all rubbish eg. broken sticks, glass to avoid lacerations.

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11
Q

what are some examples of safe equipment rules?

A

safe equipment rules include equipment being regularly serviced and checked and maintained, cleaned and etc to avoid infection and also safe play, to protect.

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12
Q

what is the acronym for environmental considerations?

A

TAGC
T - temperature regulations (convection, radiation, conduction, evaporation)
A - acclimisation
G - guidelines for fluid intake
C - climatic conditions (pollution, wind, temperature, altitude, humidity, rain)

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13
Q

what two climatic conditions can increase the likelihood of HYPERthermia

A

heat and humidity

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14
Q

what two climatic conditions can increase the likelihood of HYPOthermia

A

cold and rain

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15
Q

what is conduction and what can athletes employ to support the body’s temperature regulation mechanisms

A

conduction involves skin contact with an object of a different temperature eg. fluid and air.
for heat: they can use ice vests
for cold: they can use hot packs.

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16
Q

what is convection and what can athletes employ to support the body’s temperature regulation mechanisms?

A

convection involves currents of fluid or air
eg. cyclists while their cycling.

for heat: aircon
to protect: windbreakers

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17
Q

what is radiation and what can athletes employ to support the body’s temperature regulation mechanisms?

A

radiation is exposure to the sun.

if hot: air-conditioned room, shaded areas
if cold: get sunlight, wear black clothing.

18
Q

what is evaporation and what can athletes employ to support the body’s temperature regulation mechanisms?

A

evaporation is transfer of heat from our body to sweat, resulting in water to become a vapour that takes the heat away from the body this allows for cool down.

if hot: drink lots of water, poor water on skin
if cold: remove wet clothing and add barrier to sustain humidity in the body.

19
Q

what are the guidelines for fluid intake before physical activity

A

generally 2L a day

drinking at least 500ml of water 1 hour before exercise

20
Q

what are the guidelines for fluid intake during physical activity?

A

sports drinks with glycogen are the best options during a game.

  • drinking at least 250ml every 15 minutes during exercise
21
Q

what are the guidelines for fluid intake after fluid activity?

A

athlete needs to replace all fluids lost during exercise so a basic guideline can include 1L of water every 1kg lost during exercise

22
Q

what is acclimatization and why do athletes need to acclimatise?

A

acclimitization is the athlete acclimatising to a certain temperature before a game to be used to the game eg. more specifically higher altitudes.

  • can go to alititude houses 3-4 weeks a few times a year to see results.
23
Q

what are the rehabilitation procedures?

A
  • progressive mobilisation
  • graduated exercise (stretching, conditioning and total body fitness)
  • training
  • use of heat and cold.
24
Q

what is progressive mobilisation and give an example to a specific injury.

A

progressive mobilisation is achieved by increasing circulation to the area by applying heat or massage by promoting faster recovery.

the athlete can participate in active or passive movement.

active movement - exercises performed by the athlete (non-weight bearing exercise) to gradually increase difficulty.
eg. swollen ankle - they can do heel raises themselves and gradually increase with difficulty eg. heel raises both feet to one feet.

passive movement, moving the injured area with assistance.
eg. physio assisting in the ROM eg. hamstring strain the physio can perform flexion and extension of the knee.

25
Q

what should be considered to ensure safe mobilisation?

A
  • xrays to ensure no fracture at site
  • mobilisation should not be commended during inflammatory response
  • movements should be slow and progressive
26
Q

what is graduated exercise?

A

during the rehabilitation procedure, the athlete should be engaged in graduated exercises through stretching, conditioning and total body fitness.

27
Q

what is stretching in graduated exercise? and how does it improve rehabilitation procedures? + give a specific example of stretches with a specific injury.

A

stretching increases flexibility and ROM at the joint, increases circulation and muscle tendon length.

HAMSTRING INJURY!
eg. slow static stretches and PNF.
eg. static - seated reach for toes
PNF - assisted stretch - physio applying forceon athletes back to furhter increase ROM - hold for 20-30 sec.

28
Q

what is conditioning in graduated exercises and provide specific examples of it with a sport.

A

conditioning is the restoratation of muscular stretch, getting the athlete back to pre-injury levels. it prevents reversibility and more specifically muscular atrophy.

eg. isometric, weight bearing exercises to increase strength

isometric - plank
weight bearing - knee brace.

29
Q

what is total body fitness in graduated exercise and why is it important?

A

total body fitness is important to restore the athletes body to pre injured state and to avoid reversibility and maintains some general fitness.

eg. treadmills, weight training that exercise the whole body.

30
Q

what is training in rehabilitation procedures and what is a specific example?

A

an athlete that has finished rehabilitation program need to ensure to be ready to return to full competition to ensure speed, agility and muscle coordination restored to full capacity

athletes should still be participating in active training eg. starting off with modified training and then graduated ease back into training at low intensity and then progressing to skill sessions with no contact.

31
Q

how do athletes determine if it is safe for athletes to return?

A

by doing a skills test specific to their sport

eg. netball - agility test - shuttle runs, dodging.

they should have also have redeveloped their muscle coordination and speed.

32
Q

what is use of heat and cold in rehabilitation procedures?

A

use of heat and cold are treatments used in sports rehabilitation.

eg. cold to initial treatment to reduce blood flow
heat 48-72 hours prior to RICER and commencement of mobilisation phase.

33
Q

what does the use of cold include in rehabilitation procedures?

A

eg. cryotherapy eg. ice packs, massages and baths to minimise swelling and blood flow at injures site.

this can counteract the inflammatory response and thus promote faster recovery.

34
Q

what does the use of heat include in rehabilitation procedures?

A

e.g heat packs, hot baths after the acute phase to increase blood flow circulation, removal of scar tissue and increases ROM, reducing joint stiffness.

it ultimately assists the healing process.

35
Q

what is the acronym for return to play ?

A

IMPRES
I - indicators of readiness (degree of mobility, pain free)
M - monitoring progress (pre and post test)
P - psychological readiness
R - ready to play procedures and policies
E - ethical considerations (use of pain killers, pressure to participate)
S - specific warm-up procedures.

36
Q

what are some indicators of readiness to play

A

pain free - no pain during activity
full rom - elasticitiy restored
balance - able to balance on injured limb
strength -
mobility - full movement through agility.

they can take physical tests to indicate readiness to return to play. 
eg. game specific skill tests 
agility: shuttle runs
cardiorespiratory endurance: beep tests 
muscuclar strength: max push ups.
37
Q

what are some ways to monitor progressions?

A

progressions should be monitored regularly and can be monitored through pre and post test.
eg. shuttle run test, 1km time trial, reaction time, ongoing tests, video analysis.

38
Q

how are psychological readiness impacted and what are some support for psychological readiness? how important is psychological readiness?

A

an athlete may experience depressive episodes due to their injury as they may have lost their spot on the team or lost their fitness etc. thus may lack condience when returning to play

they can engage in counselling or taping to assist confidence.

it is extremely important to ensure they are fully recovered and also to avoid re-injury.

39
Q

what are some ready to play procedures and policies?

A

to ensure they are ready to play there are important procedures and policies made to ensure that athletes are ready to play safely and not risk re=injury that can be permanently affecting.

eg. having a medical certificate eg. clearance for concussion.
taping for isolation.

40
Q

what are some ethical considerations affecting return to play?

A

an athlete may feel internally and physically pressured to participate by team and individually especially if they’re competing at a elite level.

an athlete may also use painkillers to speed up their return to play with pressures placed on athletes and advances in drug technology.

41
Q

should athletes be allowed to use painkillers to return to play? what are the points for and points against the use of painkillers?

A

points for - they decrease play, continue play and return faster for the money etc.

against - increased recovery time in the future, they may have unknown negative effects and cause further injury.

pdhpe weak areas (4 decks)

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