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pdhpe weak areas > factors affecting performance > Flashcards

factors affecting performance Flashcards

1
Q

what encompasses the learning environment?

A
  • nature & skill of the learner
  • the performance elements
  • practice method
  • feedback
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2
Q

what is the learning environment?

A

the learning environment refers to everything outside the learner and includes the skill itself, the situation in which it is practiced, information from coaches, and weather conditions.

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3
Q

what are the different different types of nature and skill of the learner?

A
  • suitability of an environment (open or closed)
  • precision of the movement (gross or fine)
  • distinctiveness of the beginning and end points (discrete, serial or continuous skills)
  • timing (self-paced or externally paced skills)
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4
Q

what is an open and closed skill? give an example of one.

A

open - the environment is unpredictable and constantly changing (factors may include changing weather)
eg - surfing, goal keeping in soccer, batting in baseball, juggling a soccer ball outdoors.

closed - environment is stable and predictable.
eg - darts, archery, tenpin bowling.

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5
Q

what is a gross and fine skill? give an example of one.

A

gross - requires the use of large muscle groups for execution.
eg - running, swimming, boxing

fine - requires only small muscle groups to perform the movement
eg - darts, archery, shooting,pool.

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6
Q

what is the difference between discrete, serial and continous skills? give an example of each.

A

discrete - having a distinctive beginning and end that can be identified
eg - forward roll, hitting ball

serial - involves a sequence of smaller movements that are assembled to make a total skill
eg- triple jump, javelin throw

continous skill - repetitive and may appear ongoing, which have no distinct beginning or end
eg- running, swimming, rowing, juggling a soccer ball.

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7
Q

what is the difference between self-paced skills and externally paced skills? give an example of each.

A

self-paced - movements which the performer determines the timing and speed of execution. complete control over when to begin the skill, including how much force to exert.
eg- serving a tennis ball, kicking a football

externally paced - factors external to the performer set the time for execution of the movement
eg- dancing and rhythmic gymnastics (music)

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8
Q

what are the different performance elements?

A
  • decision-making skills
  • strategy
  • tactics
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9
Q

what is important about decision-making skills? give an example.

A

decision-making skills refers to the various decisions made by any athlete during a performance
eg - when to hit the ball, who to pass it to.

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10
Q

what is important about developing a strategy? give an example.

A

strategy is the overall method used to achieve a goal, normally winning the competition, and includes where an athlete should be at a time and what they should do
eg - high jump - saving energy for higher jumps rather than lower jumps where they know they can make it over

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11
Q

what is important about developing tactics? give an example.

A

tactics are about gaining an advantage over the opposing player normally connected with game sense and decision making.
eg - moving into space, marking a particular player or using a cut out pass.

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12
Q

what are the different practice methods?

A

massed, distributed, whole and part.

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13
Q

what is massed practice method, what sports and skills are suited to this method?

A

massed practice occurs when a skill is continually paced without taking breaks or very brief breaks. it is good for athletes with high level of fitness, experience, motivation and have limited time.
it is suited for discrete, simple skills, short duration skills.

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14
Q

what is distributed practice, what sports and skills are suited to this method?

A

distributed practice occurs when a skill is practiced with interspersed with rest breaks.
it is good for athletes with lower levels of fitness, experience and fatigue more quickly.
it is suited to continous skills (physically draining eg. swimming)

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15
Q

what is whole practice, what sports and skills are suited to this method?

A

whole practice involves the entirety of the skill practiced at once.
eg of skills suited for whole practice: hitting a golf ball, bowling, batting, archery

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16
Q

what is part practice, what sports and skills are suited to this method?

A

part practice is when the skill is broken down into parts or subroutines of skill are practiced individually.
eg - layup, long jump, triple jump, javelin.

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17
Q

what are the different types of feedback?

A

internal, external, concurrent, delayed, knowledge of results, knowledge of performance.

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18
Q

what is internal feedback and what is an example of it?

A

internal feedback comes from within, how the movement felt and relies on the kinaesthetic sense. an example is passing a netball, an athlete is able to distinguish if their pass had been given with the right power and direction as soon as the ball leaves hand

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19
Q

what is external feedback and what is an example of it?

A

external feedback, similar to delayed feedback comes from an external source.
eg - coaches comment, video replay, crowd, opposition
coaches comment “better rebound for positioning, two hands”

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20
Q

what is concurrent feedback and what is an example of it?

A

concurrent feedback is the information received during the execution of skill. it can be both internal and external.
eg - internal (kinaesthetic sense) - knowing you are unbalanced.
external - coach may stop golf swinger midway to fix grip on handle.

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21
Q

what is delayed feedback and what is an example of it?

A

delayed feedback is recieved after the skill is completed.

eg- video analysis, video replay, coaches comment at end of activity or half way.

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22
Q

what is knowledge of results and what is an example of it?

A

knowledge of results is how successful the skill was performed from an external source
eg - looking at scoreboard for results, seeing amount of times juggled soccer ball in a video replay.

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23
Q

what is knowledge of performance and what is an example of it?

A

knowledge of performance is feedback recieved on how well a skill was performed.
eg - coaches comment “you defended your player really well this game”
watching video replay of juggling the soccer ball, the athlete will analyse their technique & performance.

24
Q

what is feedback and why is it important?

A

feedback is an essential component in the development of learning a skill in all stages of the skill acquisition. it provides direction, goals and helps the athlete adjust their performance and skill execution as they progress through the stages of skill acquisition.

25
Q

what is included in assessment of skill and performance?

A
  • characteristics of skilled performers
  • objective and subjective performance measures
  • validity and reliability of tests
  • personal versus prescribed judging criteria.
26
Q

what are the characteristics of a skilled performer?

A

kinaesthetic sense, anticipation, consistency, technique.

27
Q

what is kinaesthetic sense? what are the benefits of it and an example of it?

A

kinaesthetic sense refers to the sensory information received from their body position and awareness of limbs during a movement.

  • ‘feel’ the movement resulting in better coordination
  • greater ability to make corrections and modifications whilst executing the movement
  • develops as a result of practice, as it develops muscle memory

eg - netballer knowing their shoot was going to miss and then fixing their technique in the next shot.

28
Q

what is anticipation? what are the benefits of it and an example of it?

A

anticipation is when the performer is capable of predicting what might happen next. being able to ‘read the play’
eg - netballer player anticipates where the next ball will play after reading the body positioning of the player and the person throwing it to her. this gives skilled performer more time to get there and cover the pass.

29
Q

what is consistency, what are the benefits of it, and an example of it?

A

consistency refers to the skilled performer repeating good performance over and over.

  • fewer errors in performance
  • skilled performers use internal feedback and knowledge of performance
30
Q

what is a technique, what are the benefits of it, and an example of it?

A

a skilled athlete is able to maintain correct technique despite fatigue.

  • using only essential muscles
  • biomechanically correct, less likely to cause injury.
31
Q

what is objective and subjective performance measures? provide an example of each measure.

A

objective performance measures are those that involve an impartial measurement (no bias)
eg - long jump, volleyball.

subjective performance - inluenced by observers personal judgement of how the skill was performed
eg - platform diving, dance routine.

32
Q

what is the validity and reliability of tests? provide an example of how it can be tested.

A

validity - refers to a tests ability to measure what it is meant to
eg - beep test: tests endurance, conversely flexibility would not be tested to test the endurance of the athlete.

reliability - refers to the ability of a test to reproduce similar results when conducted repeatedly.
eg - same location, same time, same equipment, same environment/ weather.

33
Q

what is personal versus precribed judging criteria? give an example of each.

A

personal judging criteria - similar to subjective, involves the judge using their ideas, feelings, opinions and experiences to make an assessment of a performance

prescribed judging criteria - uses a set guidelines or checklist (criteria), establishes by a good governing body of that sport.

34
Q

what are the different types of strength training and training method.

A
  • free/ fixed weights
  • elastic
  • hydraulic
35
Q

what is free weight training? give an example and which sport is it suited to?
advantages and disadvantages

A

free weights - lifting a certain weight against gravity, enabling the development of muscle groups and specific muscles to stabilise movements.

eg - dumbbells, barbells, kettlebells, medicine balls

best suited to sports that require large amounts of strength, or power eg. rugby, shotput, wrestling, AFL

advantages - better replication of specific sports movements, inexpensive and large variety

disadvantages - strict form and technique to avoid injury.

36
Q

what is fixed weight training? give an example and which sport is it suited to?
advantages + disadvantages

A

fixed weights - utilising of machines to lift a specific weight

eg - pulleys, lat pulldown, leg extension.

advantages - beneficial for isolating specific muscles for development

disadvantages - expensive

37
Q

what is elastic strength training? give an example and which sport is it suited to?
advantages & disadvantages.

A

elastic uses various forms of elastic to provide the resistance to develop strength

eg - resistance bands.

best suited for sports which require use of smaller muscles eg. arm wrestling, darts, javelin

advantages - good for rehab/ weaker muscles, allows both concentric & eccentric contractions

dis - may cause injury if technique/ form not correct.

38
Q

what is hydraulic strength training? give an example and sport is it suited for?
advantages & disadvantages

A

uses machines, which use water or air compression to provide the resistance throughout the movement.

eg. hydraulic press

best suited for sports that require fast movements through a resistance. eg. rugby, league, swimming, boxing and other martial arts.

advantages - trains two muscles/ groups in one exercise

dis - expensive.

39
Q

what sports are strength suited to?

A

rugby, wrestling, martial arts, boxing

40
Q

what are the benefits of gaining strength?

A
  • improved body composition (increasing muscle tone & minimising fat stores)
  • increased core strength –> reduce back pain
  • increased muscle hypertrophy, power or speed & muscular endurance.
41
Q

what is muscle hypertrophy?

A

muscle hypertrophy refers to an increase in the size of muscle fibres and the connective tissue between the fibres.

42
Q

what is isotonic?

A

isotonic is muscles contract by either concentric (shorten) or eccentric (lengthen) the muscles eg. bicep curl

43
Q

what is isometric?

A

isometric is muscles contract, no movements occurs.

44
Q

what is the acronym to physiological adaptions that occur in relation to training?

A 
SCHORL
stroke volume
cardiac output 
haemoglobin levels
oxygen uptake
resting heart rate
lung capacity
45
Q

how is stroke volume affected as a physiological adaptation?

A

stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped by the heart. this is as a result of a stronger heart. it results in a heart that works stronger and harder.

46
Q

what is cardiac output and how is it affected as a physiological adaptation?

A

cardiac output is the blood and oxygen being sent around the body. the oxygen allows the aerobic system to deliver ATP resulting in endurance athletes working harder and longer.

47
Q

what is haemoglobin levels and how is it affected as a physiological adaptation?

A

haemoglobin levels include increased ability to absorb and deliver oxygen to working muscles, reducing fatigue.

48
Q

what is oyxgen uptake and how is it affected as a physiological adaptation?

A

oxygen uptake is the amount of oxygen absorbed into the blood during exercise. being able to work longer & harder in high intensities.

49
Q

what is resting heart rate and how is it affected as a physiological adaptation?

A

the resting heart rate is decreased as a result of an efficient cardiovascular system. this enables athletes to recover faster.

50
Q

what is lung capacity and how is it affected as a physiological adaptation?

A

lung capacity is the increased number of breath, muscles around lungs become stronger and larger, absorbed into the blood stream.

51
Q

what are physiological strategies to enhance motivation and manage anxiety in athletes?

A

physiological strategies ACRONYM IS MCGR. it is mental rehearsal/ visual imagery, concentration skills and techniques, goal setting, and relaxation techniques.

52
Q

what is mental rehearsal/ visual imagery and how does it enhance motivation and manage anxiety in athletes?

A

mental rehearsal and visual imagery includes having a mental picture of the performance before executing the skill. this enhances motivation to achieve the desired outcome, it also reduces anxiety as it provides additional practice and allows the athlete to feel more prepared and ready.

53
Q

what is concentration skills and techniques and how does it enhance motivation and manage anxiety in athletes?

A

concentration skills include can be developed through skills that block out distraction & focus on task on hand. they can help individuals be less distracted from opponents,

54
Q

what is goal setting and how does it enhance motivation and manage anxiety in athletes?

A

smart goal setting enhances the motivation for an athlete by providing goals and determination to achieve certain goals. it provides focus, direction and motivation. it manages anxiety by giving athletes a schedule and pathway to follow to achieve their goals.

55
Q

what is the alacticacid system?

A

the alacticacid system is an energy system that releases atp into the body. atp is an energy compound that stores and transfers energy around the body allowing for vital processes such as digestion.

56
Q

what is the source of fuel for the atp system?

A

creatine phosphate - red meat & fish + supplements

pdhpe weak areas (4 decks)

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