Sports Medicine Flashcards

Question 1

Q

Ways to classify sports injuries

Answer

A

direct and indirect
soft and hard tissue
overuse

Question 2

Q

direct and indirect

Answer

A

DIRECT
- Caused by external forces to the body
- Injury occurs at the site of the force
- Can result in fractures, dislocations, sprains and bruises
EG → cricketer catching the ball and getting a dislocated finger, footballer hit higher gets broken cheekbone

INDIRECT
- Caused by internal or external forces and usually results in an injury occurring at a site away from the initial force
- Can occur as a result of poor preparation or excessive movement
- Can occur because of undue strain on muscles, tendons or ligaments and possible structure damage
EG → cyclist falls, puts out his hand and dislocates shoulder, netball tears ligaments from twisting

Question 3

Q

soft and hard tissue

Answer

A

SOFT

Includes: muscles, tendons, ligaments, joint tissue, fatty tissue
Any injury to these are classified as soft tissue injuries
Injuries include: burusies (haematoma), sprains (ligaments), sprains (tendons), lacerations (skin), dislocation (joints), tendonitis (tendons)

HARD
Includes: teeth and bones
Injuries to these are classified as hard tissue injuries
EG → dislodging a tooth and fracturing a bone

Question 4

Q

overuse

Answer

A

Caused by excessive use over a long period of time
Brought on by repetitive low impact exercise such as jogging or swimming
Causes include → poor training techniques, high intensity too soon, poor surfaces, inappropriate equipment and physical characteristics eg flat feed
Injuries characterised by pain and inflammation
EG → shin splints, tendonitis, stress fracture
Commonly called repetitive strain injuries (RSI)

Question 5

Q

Soft tissue injuries

Answer

A

tears, sprains, contusions
skin abrasions, lacerations, blisters
inflammatory response

Question 6

Q

tears, sprains, contusions

Answer

A

TEARS:
- Occurs when tissue is excessively stretched or severed.

SPRAINS:

Arise from the stretching or tearing of a ligament.
Results in pain, swelling and the inability to perform normal joint movements.
Proper rehab needed as healing in the stretched position causes permanent instability in the joint.
Healing is slow as ligaments have relatively poor blood supply.

CONTUSIONS:

Caused by a sudden blow to the body; a bruise/cork.
Interrupt blood flow to surrounding tissue → causes a haematoma (blood tumor) as blood clots in the connective tissue membrane

Question 7

Q

skin abrasions, lacerations, blisters

Answer

A

SKIN ABRAISIONS
Occurs in games such as netball or tennis, where a player may fall on a dry, hard surface.
- May cause pain and shallow bleeding.
- Treatment requires gentle cleansing and sterilisation of wounds to prevent infection.

LACERATIONS
A wound where the flesh has incurred an irregular tear.
- Laceration Treatment: thorough cleansed with antiseptic soap, dried and a sterile gauze pad applied. Pressure may still be applied to prevent bleeding.
- If in mouth - rinse mouth with an antiseptic liquid. Sucking on ice can control bleeding and swelling.
- Lacerations longer than 1cm need to be referred to a doctor - may require stitches.

BLISTERS
Caused by a collection of fluid below or within the epidermal(surface) layer of the skin giving rise to intense pain.
- Can contain clear liquid or even blood if a blood vessel has been ruptured.
- Can occur as a result of new equipment being used.
- Management initially requires 24 hours rest → if symptoms persist, blisters may need to be surgically released and a donut pad applied → if torn, wash the site with soap and warm water and apply liquid antiseptic. Dry and apply antibiotic ointment.

Question 8

Q

inflammatory response

Answer

A

When soft tissue is injured it becomes inflamed but responds by activating a self-healing process - aiming to reduce swelling, prevent further damage and ease pain.

PHASE 1

Redness
Heat
Swelling
Pain
Loss of function

PHASE 2

Eliminate debris
Form new fibres
Produce scar tissue

PHASE 3

Development of scar tissue, tissue needs to strengthen in the direction force is applied
Dependent on amount of exercise and rehab routine
Aim to regain full function

Question 9

Q

Managing soft tissue injuries

Answer

A

RICER (rest, ice, compression, elevation, referral)
HARM
PER (skin abrasions, lacerations, contusions)
Immediate treatment of skin injuries

Question 10

Q

Managing soft tissue injuries - RICER

Answer

A

Rest → minimal movement for the first 48-72 hours

Ice → Wrap ice-pack in towel and place around injury → 20 mins/1hr. Reduces: pain, swelling, blood flow, spasm, enzyme activity and tissue demand for oxygen.

Compression → Wrap an elastic bandage over the injured area, covering above and below. Decreases bleeding and reduces swelling, while providing support

Elevation → ensures the injury she is elevated above the heat. The reduces the volume and pressure of blood flow to the injury and reduces swelling

Referral → a medical assessment should be sought ASAP to ascertain the full extent of the injury

Question 11

Q

Managing soft tissue injuries - HARM

Answer

A

What no to do

Heat
Alcohol/aspirin
Running (exercise)
Massage (in the first 24-72 hours or longer)

Question 12

Q

Managing soft tissue injuries - PER

Answer

A

Pressure
Elevate
Rest
Control the bleeding immediately

Question 13

Q

Managing soft tissue injuries - Immediate treatment of skin injuries

Answer

A

The immediate response aims to:

Prevent further damage and reduce the risk of infection
Reduce swelling
Erase or minimise pain
Restore flexibility
Regain full function
Prevent reoccurence

For abrasions/lacerations:

Stop bleeding if necessary and clean the wound where possible
Apply non stick sterile dressing
Seek stitches if necessary

For burns:

Immediately apply cold running water
No ice or creams
Keep clean and sterile
Seek medical advice

Question 14

Q

Hard tissue injuries

Answer

A

fractures

- dislocations

Question 15

Q

fractures

Answer

A

Definition
it is a break in a bone, which can be as simple as a small crack with no visible deformity, or complex, in that it may affect vital organs close to the fracture site

Common causes include:

Direct contact with → others, objects, the ground
Indirect force on another body part (falling and landing on arm → fractured clavicle)
Inappropriate muscular action (jumping from a height, landing on feet → fractured patella)
Overuse , repeated trauma (running → stress fracture in foot)

Types of fractures include:

Simple/closed → the bone is fractured but there is no wound at the site
Open/compound → the jagged end of a fractured bone protrudes through the skin
Complicated → the fractured bone damages local tissue eg organs

Signs and symptoms include:

Pain
reduced/no movement
Local tenderness
Deformity
Irregular alignment
Swelling

Question 16

Q

dislocation

Answer

A

Definition
It is where one bone is displaced from another
- Subluxation → a partial dislocation where the joint dislocates and then relocates

Common causes include
- Caused by excessive force and can be either a direct or indirect injury. Joints that results in much damage to the surrounding soft tissues

Signs and symptoms include

Loss of movement at the joint
Obvious and tenderness
Pain at the injury site
Swelling around the joint
Bruising around the joint or just below the joint

Question 17

Q

Managing hard tissue injuries

Answer

A

immobilisation

- assesment for medical attention

Question 18

Q

Managing hard tissue injuries - immobilisation

Answer

A

To another limb
To another part of the body
To a firm, smooth, straight object
Splint above the joint above the fracture and below the joint below the fracture

Question 19

Q

Managing hard tissue injuries - assessment for medical attention

Answer

A

Support the site with a sling or splint
Check for impaired circulation
Arrange for transport
Implement RICER if it does not cause pain
Seek medical attention
Do not attempt to realign fractured limbs
Never attempt to reduce/ relocate a dislocation

Question 20

Q

Assessment of injuries

Answer

A

TOTAPS(talk, observe, touch, active, and passive movement, skills test)

Question 21

Q

TOTAPS

Answer

A

If pain/damage is apparent at any stage, the player should be allowed to continue.

TALK
Talk to the player to determine how injury occurred, where pain is, etc.

OBSERVE
Look at the injury → deformity and swelling → compare both sides of the body.

TOUCH
Gently touch injury for any signs of deformity or swelling → pinpoint injury.

ACTIVE MOVEMENT
Get players to perform a range of movements (flexion, etc) No pain = proceed.

PASSIVE MOVEMENT
Assessor physically mobilises the joint, identifying painful areas and instability.

SKILLS TEST
Get players to perform skills required during the game. No pain = can play.

Question 22

Q

Children and young athletes

Answer

A

medical conditions(asthma, diabetes, epilepsy)
overuse injuries (stress fractures)
thermoregulation
appropriateness of resistance training

Question 23

Q

medical conditions (asthma)

Answer

A

DEFINITION

Condition of the airways
1/10 people in Aus
Potential triggers include: exercise, smoke, pollen, air pollution, emotion or illness

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

Shortness of breath
Wheezing
Chest tightness
Dry irritating, continuous cough

MANAGEMENT

Reliever puffer
Comfortable position
4-4-4 rule (4 breathes to one puff, times 4 puffs, 4 mins, 4 times)
000 with no improvement

PREVENTATIVE STRATEGIES

Wary of environments that may trigger - colder and dryer, smokey
Well controlled with preventer medication
Warming up and gentle stretching and cooling down
Type of exercise - swimming is best as the air near the water is warm and humid - increasing lung volume
Able to participate in most activities except scuba diving
Warming breathe for exercise

Question 24

Q

medical conditions (diabetes)

Answer

A

DEFINITION
- Condition where there is too much glucose (sugar) in the blood.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

Toilet more often
Extreme thirstiness
Tiredness
Irritability
Headaches

MANAGEMENT

Daily management
Insulin injections or tablets
Blood glucose testing
Healthy eating & activity

PREVENTATIVE STRATEGIES

Test blood glucose levels
Not feeling well
Foods or fluids
Supportive footwear
Strenuous physical activity
Warm-up and cool-down

Question 25

Q

medical conditions (epilepsy)

Answer

A

DEFINITION
A disorder of the CNS which the nerve cell activity in your brain is distrubed causing a seizure during which you experience abnormal behaviour

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

Convulsions
Tremors
Lack of movement
Rigid muscles
Difficulty talking
Drooling
Repeated blinking/staring

MANAGEMENT

Stay calm
Tine the seizure
Protect from injury
Roll person onto their side

PREVENTATIVE STRATEGIES

Physical activity can reduce the risk of epileptic seizures
Activities are a s safe as possible
Water safety is critical
Avoid overexertion, dehydration, and low blood sugar
Seek medical advice before new sports
Avoid known seizure triggers
Take medication as prescribed

Question 26

Q

overuse injuries

Answer

A

Occur as a result of repeated use of a part of the body, causing tissue damage and considerable discomfort.

Injuries are subtle, developing over a period of time and recurring following brief periods of rest.
Examples → stress fractures, tennis elbow, achilles tendonitis, swimmer’s shoulders.
Children and young athletes are susceptible to overuse injuries because of different growth rates in bone tissue.
Causes → high training volume/intensity/frequency, inadequate warm-ups, biomechanical problems, poor technique.
Common risk for those who train frequently during week and play sport on weekend.

To avoid overuse injuries:

Use right shoes
Manage training and competition loads
Avoid repetitive movements
Be sure the level of competition is within the child’s range.

Question 27

Q

thermoregulation

Answer

A

The maintenance of a stable internal temperature independent of the temperature of the environment

Children do not have the same ability to lose heat through evaporation at the same rate as adults → sweat glands release fluid more slowly and are less responsive to temperature changes.
Children rely on radiation and convection to lose heat.
The surface area to weight ratio of a child is greater than that of an adult → children heat faster.
Children have lower fluid stores than adults → dehydrate more quickly.
Children have a higher chance of developing hypothermia from exposure to cold → greater risk in cold environments.

Question 28

Q

appropriateness of resistance training

Answer

A

Strength training programs for children must be an integral part of an overall program designed to improve skill and fitness.

Strength specialisation should be avoided (eg. focusing on power) → cause muscular imbalance and contribute to injury.
Injuries to growth plates are common → weak areas and can break under excessive pressure

Question 29

Q

Adult and aged athletes

Answer

A

heart conditions
fractures/bone density
flexibility/joint mobility

Question 30

Q

heart conditions

Answer

A

As people age, the efficiency of the cardiovascular system declines
A variety of heart conditions are more prevalent in older people such as heart attacks, strokes and high blood pressure
As the cardiovascular system becomes less efficient, its ability to pump blood from the heart is reduced. The amount of oxygen transported around the body therefore decreases, which makes exercising a lot harder
The narrowing and increasing in flexibility of blood vessels can place an added resistance on blood flow, and can raise blood pressure
Despite these factors, exercise can be valuable in the treatment of heart disease
Adult and aged people need to seek medical advice before starting any exercise program. Some may require a stress test to determine the level of intensity their circulatory system will tolerate
Each session must begin with a warm up and progression of activity must be smooth and graded

Question 31

Q

Fractures/bone density

Answer

A

As people age, so do their bones. Bones lose some of their density and become brittle (a condition known as osteoporosis), so older people have a higher risk of fracture if they fall
Osteoporosis is more common in women, which is linked to changes in their hormone level (lower oestrogen levels due to (menopause)
While decreased bone density may make people more susceptible to fractures, exercise has a role in treating and maintaining bones
Inactivity should be avoided as this encourages calcium discharge form bone making it weaker
Weight training (low range) or weight bearing exercise eg walking increases, bone density, particularly in older women
Exercises that also improve physical fitness, balance, strength, coordination and flexibility are also beneficial as they contribute to the prevention of falls
People with low bone density should avoid contact sports where any knock or fall could increase the risk of injury

Question 32

Q

flexibility/joint mobility

Answer

A

As people age, the musculoskeletal system deteriorates, reducing mobility. Tendons, ligaments and muscles lose their elasticity
Problems often experienced by older people such as arthritis, aching joints and tight muscles respond positively to exercise programs that focus on safe stretching and improved range of motion in joints
Improved flexibility and joint mobility is necessary for daily functioning, maintaining independence, increase quality of life and reduced injuries
Suitable activities include → aqua aerobics, yoga, pilates, swimming and taichi

Question 33

Q

Female athletes

Answer

A

eating disorders
iron deficiency
bone density
pregnancy

Question 34

Q

eating disorders

Answer

A

characterised by behaviour such as purging, binge eating and starving → most common: anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.

Females have 2x risk of developing eating disorders, resulting from:

Exposure to peer influence and media → make athletes prone to the pressures of weight loss.
Exposure to social expectations to be ‘thin’ → desire for an ‘athletic shape’
Need to conform to an ideal sporting images that over-values the ideal body

In gymnastics and divers, body type is considered when judging → thinness is an advantage to artistic and technical merit (considered when arriving to a score)
- Can result in significant pressure and even incur serious emotional damage

In the 1980s and early 1990s, the importance of having the ideal body escalated.

To help prevent eating disorders from developing, it is important to:

Expect athletes to do their best and not focus solely on winning.
Be better educated to detect signs of eating disorders
Use nutritional experts and counsellors to program and advise in these areas.
Observe training routines and social practices → take action when suspicious behaviours are distinguished or turn into an obsession.
Invite parents to training sessions to observe coaches and ensure the excessive pressure is not placed on athletes.

Question 35

Q

iron deficiency

Answer

A

Anemia - a condition in which there is an abnormally low level of haemoglobin, resulting in less oxygen being available to tissues.

Haemoglobin forms red blood cells → binds with oxygen in the lungs and transports it to the muscle tissue.
Without sufficient iron, the number of red blood cells is reduced, limiting the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood and the degree to which the athlete is able to participate in sport.
Iron deficiency contributes to fatigue and loss of energy → therefore important to track.
Recommended iron intake for females → 15mg (small amount)
Exercise-induced anaemia (sports anaemia) → common in female athletes → result of intense training, where iron reserves are reduced.
- Iron can be lost in sweat, together with the destruction of red blood cells from body temperature increases.
Supplementation benefits people whose intake is below recommended levels → no benefit to those whose intake is satisfactory.

Question 36

Q

bone density

Answer

A

Directly related to the quantity of calcium in the bones → which lack calcium are susceptible to fractures and structural weakening.
Calcium is regulated by the parathyroid glands → that control how much calcium is stored in the bones and how much is released to the body.
- If the parathyroid gland becomes overactive, calcium from bone tissue is released to the bloodstream → bones become brittle and contribute to osteoporosis.
Following menopause, women lose calcium faster than men and some require a form of oestrogen therapy.
Bone density is affected by age → strongest in 20’s → deterioration begins in ’30s.
A well-balanced diet with adequate calcium-rich foods (milk, cheese) is recommended.
For women with osteoporosis, it is important that activity includes a warm-up → to stretching → ice is used on inflamed or arthritic joints (prevent swelling and soreness)
Decreased exercise and inadequate amounts of calcium can lead to a decrease of bone density and osteoporosis.

Question 37

Q

pregnancy

Answer

A

Mild to moderate exercise is safe and beneficial for pregnant women.
Moderate exercise, especially if there is restricted placental blood flow that could place foetus at risk.
Exercise should be in the cool of the day and consume adequate water to avoid thermal stress → affects foetal development.
Advise the doctor of the intention to exercise.
Competitive and collision, scuba diving, skiing and gymnastics should be avoided.
Benefits include:
- Maintenance of fitness and general well-being
- Weight control in later stages of pregnancy
- Improved muscular tone.

Question 38

Q

Physical preparation

Answer

A

pre-screening
skill and technique
physical fitness
warmup, stretching and cool down

Question 39

Q

pre-screening

Answer

A

Pre-screening - assesses the health status of a person before they become involved in a training program.

Criteria of pre-screening → age, gender, health status and previous experiences

Prescreening is important for:

Males more than 40 years old
Females more than 50 years old.
Asthmatics
Smokers, obese people and those with high blood pressure.
People with a family history of heart conditions

Pre-screening is also a tool for encouraging people to begin and maintain an exercise program using an exercise prescription.

Exercise prescription specifies → frequency, intensity, time/duration and type

Allows for exercise to be tailored to specific needs, minimising the risk of injury

Pre-screening has two stages:

Identifying people who are at high risk of acute cardiovascular problems.
Identifying people at low to moderate risk.

Question 40

Q

skill and technique

Answer

A

Skills and Technique - relate to the efficiency with which we perform the required activities.
Correct skill development → prevents injury and improves overall performance
Temporal Patterning → smaller parts of the movement are executed in sequence.
Pacing → movements are precisely timed

Question 41

Q

Physical fitness

Answer

A

Physical fitness has a range of attributes and the quantity required of each depends on the type of sport or activity.

EG) Rugby league requires high cardiorespiratory fitness with high strength, power, speed, endurance and agility.

Lack of development of appropriate level of fitness → contribute to injury
Health Related → cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, body composition
Skill Related → power, speed, agility, coordination, balance, reaction time

Question 42

Q

Warm up, stretching and cool down

Answer

A

Warm Up -

Common to see inappropriate warm-ups.
The warm-up needs to be geared to the demands of the sport.
Sports that require explosive movements require a longer warm up than other activities where the prime demand is endurance
Warm-ups cause redistribution in blood flow.
Activity causes blood to be drawn to the skeletal muscles where oxygen and nutrients are needed by the cells to enable muscle contraction.
Higher muscle temperatures increase the ability of the muscle to stretch without tearing and improve the time that it takes a muscle to respond to stimulus (reflexes)

Stretching -

Static Stretches - a muscle or group of muscles is gradually stretched beyond their normal range → held for about 30 seconds
Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Stretching (PNF) - a static stretch followed by an isometric contraction and a relaxation phase in the lengthened position.
Stretching programs must be specific to the needs of the sport.
- EG) a high jumper will stretch all major muscles in preparation for competition, but will give additional and specific attention to the calf and thigh muscles as demands on these are greatest.
Stretching should:
- Increase muscle length
- Reduce tension in the muscle
- Increase blood circulation
- Improve range of motion at joint
- Improve flexibility

Cool-Down -

Period following competition/physical activity where body temperature, circulation and respiratory rates return to pre-exercise state.
Cooldown is essential to:
- Maintain the stretch in muscle groups
- Disperse lactic acid
- Prevent blood pooling
Adequate cooldown involves stretching for approx 10 mins, performing callisthenics and finishing with a gross motor activity (eg. light jog or swim)
To be effective, the cooldown must emphasise stretching, and doesn’t need to include an extensive range of activities specifically related to the game skills.

Question 43

Q

Sports policy and sports environment

Answer

A

Rules of sports and activities
Modified rules for children
Matching opponents, eg growth and development, skill level
Use of protective equipment
Safe grounds, equipment and facilities

Question 44

Q

rules of sports and activities

Answer

A

Assist the flow of play and protect participants from injury.
Rules are enforced on the field by the referee or umpire and promote safety within the game
Responsibility is placed on officials and coaches to maintain control of the game.
If rules of conduct are broken, sporting associations can take legal action against athletes at fault.
Rules are modified to fit the different needs of sports → rules of soccer vary to the rules of rugby league.
Ensures fairness and order → ensures safety of athletes.
If the nature of the game is dangerous, the rules are likely to be stringent to minimise chance of injury.

Examples:

Rugby league rules regarding concussions and head injuries → players must be taken from the field for the mandatory check (HIA)
Softball catchers must wear a face mask when in catchers square.
Marathon runners must consume fluid during their event → prevent heatstroke

Question 45

Q

modified rules for children

Answer

A

Essential to encourage children to take part and continue in the activity.
Children, because of their stature and limited capabilities, have very specific needs in terms of equipment size, court dimensions, rules and playing environment.
Having children participate in sport with adult rules, they will most likely not succeed, and thus be seen as failures → will not continue participation.
Both rules and environment need to promote enjoyment, involvement, continuity in the sport and safety.

Examples:

Lowering the backboard and ring in basketball → enhance the chance of successful shooting.
Using T-ball stands in softball → contact with the ball is easier.
Simplifying the rules in most sports → basic understanding to participate
Awarding trophies and certificates for achievements other than winning.
Soft-ball is used in junior cricket.

Question 46

Q

Matching opponents, eg growth and development, skill level

Answer

A

To make sport competitive, fair and even, consideration is needed for people’s size, age, gender, strength and skill level.
When competitions are even, skills are matched and interest is heightened → increases participation.
Matching opponents is easier to achieve in junior sports.
When competition is uneven, non-competitive sides lose interest → risk of injury is also increased.

Examples:

Weight restrictions in Rugby League, rather than age → reduces injury, increases participation, reduces fear factor → increases competitiveness.
Skill grading → caters for all sporting abilities → allows players to develop their skill, even playing field for all teams.

Question 47

Q

Use of protective equipment

Answer

A

Ground surroundings and equipment must be safe.
All protective equipment must:
Adequately protect the wearer and other players.
Allow freedom of movement
Allow air flow as required
Be comfortable.
Higher the risk of injury from impact in sport, the more important the need for protective equipment.
Essential to use equipment that is rigid, supportive and reliable → in case of equipment failure.
Footwear is both supportive and protective → if inappropriate, can lead to blisters, calluses and even structural deformities.
Footwear must be comfortable, firm, flexible, and have support.
Examples:
Mouthguards (protect teeth) → used in rugby league, union, basketball
Helmets (protect head, skull and neck) → used in cricket and cycling
Padding (protect external limbs) → used in cricket, football and hockey.

Question 48

Q

Safe grounds, equipment and facilities

Answer

A

It is the responsibility of the organising group to ensure that every effort has been made to match facilities to safety expectations.

Safety Guidelines for Children in Sport and Recreation recommends that guidelines be followed. These include:

Ensure the playing surface is in reasonable condition, without holes, exposed sprinkler heads or hard patches.
Ensure no rubbish on playing field

Design of fields, courts and general playing facilities must contribute to player safety
Equipment:
- Suited to size and ability
- Sufficient in number
- Padded appropriately
- Stable or movable if necessary
- Properly erected/constructed.

Example:

Padding/safety gear needed for posts and on-field equipment
Adequate distance between playing field and unnecessary equipment/vehicles → eg) Coffee van must be 30m from field.

Question 49

Q

Environmental considerations

Answer

A

Temperature regulation(convection, radiation, conduction, evapouration)
climatic conditions (temperature, humidity, wind, rain, altitude, pollution)
guidelines for fluid intake
acclimitization

Question 50

Q

temperature regulation

Answer

A

Convection

The transfer of heat away from the skin by a moving fluid such as an air current → approx 12% of heat lost at rest
EG) a runner loses heat to the surrounding air as they pass through it.

Radiation

The loss of heat in the form of infra-red rays → into the environment
The bigger the difference between the body’s heat and the environment, the greater the heat loss is.
Accounts for 60% of heat loss.

Conduction

When the environmental temperature is lower than body temperature, heat flows from the body.
EG) accounts for approx 3% of heat loss.

Evaporation

Heat loss through sweating → only effective if water evaporates.
At rest, accounts for approx 35% of heat loss
During endurance events, accounts for approx 80% of heat loss.

Question 51

Q

climatic conditions (temperature)

Answer

A

Exercise in heat can make it difficult for the body to control its heat balance mechanism, causing the body’s water requirement to greatly increase.
Sustained performance in high temperatures → heat stroke as increasing blood volume becomes devoted to transporting heat, rather than oxygen.
Cold conditions can cause loss of body heat → ability to maintain heat balance is jeopardised.
When body temp decreases → activation of heat conservation mechanisms - shivering (increases heat production) and peripheral vasoconstriction (decreases blood flow to skin, slowing heat loss).
In cold, athletes shouldn’t overdress → stimulates sweating/bulkiness (inhibit performance
In cold environments, athletes with higher amounts of subcutaneous fat have more protection, and thus lose heat more quickly.
Children are more susceptible to heat loss than adults.
Heat loss in cold water is more rapid than in cold air → radiation and convection reduces body temp 4x faster.

Question 52

Q

climatic conditions (humidity)

Answer

A

Limiting the body’s ability to dissipate heat → humidity prevents evaporation.
Exercise in times of high temperature and humidity is to be avoided as it places athletes at greatest risk.

Question 53

Q

climatic conditions (wind)

Answer

A

Combined effect of convection and conduction contribute to wind chill.
Wind chill can be increased by increased cloud and humidity.
Preventing wind-chill can be done by wearing clothing such as light clothing that covers ust body area, wetsuits, and face goggles.

Question 54

Q

climatic conditions (rain)

Answer

A

Rain can affect visibility → impact on safety.
Can a wet sporting surface → reduce traction.
Most evident in cycling, where the combination of speed, lack of traction and poor visibility can contribute to accidents.

Question 55

Q

climatic conditions (altitude)

Answer

A

At higher altitude, expect a general reduction in aerobic capacity.
At high altitudes, solar radiation is stronger, so the use of sun protection (eg. sunscreen) is necessary.
Exercises with short duration can benefit from higher altitudes → as less resistance.

Question 56

Q

climatic conditions (pollution)

Answer

A

Issue of people who suffer from asthma and cardiorespiratory problems.
Increases airway resistance, causing irritation to the upper respiratory tract and reduced oxygen transport capacity in the blood.
Most dangerous pollutant → carbon monoxide → binds to haemoglobin in preference to oxygen, thus inhibiting oxygen delivery to muscles.
Safety and wellbeing is enhanced by avoiding cigarette smoking, avoiding exercise during rush hours in cities and avoiding exercise in high humidity, temperature and traffic pollution levels.

Question 57

Q

guidelines for fluid intake

Answer

A

Sweating causes the loss of electrolytes, while continued profuse sweating leads to dehydration

Water, in temperature regulation, is critical, particularly during exercise → blood plasma is 90% water.
- Reduced plasma volume also affects the body’s circulatory function because plasma carries red blood cells, nutrients, hormones, etc. around the body.

Exercise accelerates water loss through sweating, causing body temperature to rise.
- In response, water is produced as the body metabolises carbohydrates to produce energy.

Progressive water loss produces the following symptoms:

1% loss - thirst
5% loss - considerable discomfort and decline in aerobic effort.
10% loss - breakdown in coordination → movement becomes difficult
20% loss - upper limit of dehydration before death.

Question 58

Q

acclimatization

Answer

A

A training technique where an athlete experiences different climatic stressors, causing physiological adaptations to occur.

About developing tolerance to expected performance conditions → heat, cold, humidity, wind and altitude.
Acclimatisation to heat and humidity → 5-7 days
Acclimatisation to altitude → 2-3 weeks (depending on elevation differences)
Enhanced through exposure and training in the environment or a prefabricated environment, providing similar effect.

Question 59

Q

Taping and bandaging

Answer

A

preventative taping
taping for isolation of injury
bandaging for immediate treatment of injury

Question 60

Q

preventative taping

Answer

A

Preventative taping and bandaging is used to prevent injuries and support joints where some previous injuries have occurred.
Used to protect, support or strengthen the joint during movement.
Prophylactic Taping - prevent the risk of injury → allows joint movement, but restricts excessive movement.
Commonly used in sports that require agility, speed, power and strength; movement which place considerable stress on joints (eg. rugby league, soccer, netball)
Rigid tape should be used → doesn’t stretch, more secure/strong
Restricts movement by providing a sensation (neuromuscular sensation) → pulling the skin to let the person know they are doing excessive movements.

Question 61

Q

taping for isolation of injury

Answer

A

Restricts movement for safety. eg) support bandaging for the ankle, such as stirrup strap, which maintains the ankle in normal position.
Limits range of motion
Provides support while the injured area becomes accustomed to the demands of full activity.
Compress soft tissue and reduce inflammation → similar to compression bandaging

Question 62

Q

Bandaging for immediate treatment of injury

Answer

A

Using RICER, compression bandages are applied to restrict bleeding into the injured area.
Type of bandaging varies according to the location/type of injury sustained.
Bandaging for immediate treatment serves to limit the motion of the body part → secure it to another body part.
- EG) Thumb may need to be strapped/supported by the wrist.
Bandaging should reduce movement, reduce bleeding and prevent secondary damage
Can help with the healing process → inflammatory response, medical treatment, etc

Question 63

Q

Rehabilitation procedures

Answer

A

Progressive mobilisation
Gradual exercise
Training
Use of heat and cold

Question 64

Q

progressive mobilisation

Answer

A

Progressive mobilisation occurs during rehabilitation, which involves gradually extending the range of movement through which the injured part can be manipulated.
It is needed as, after injury and the application of RICER, the muscles and joints tighten and stiffen → slowly stretches muscles allowing for a gradual increase in joint range of motion.
Progressive mobilisation should begin as early as possible → prevent scar tissue and reduce recovery time.
Utilises dynamic, static and PNF stretching, but NOT ballistic stretching as it can cause further damage.
Often stretching begins with static before PNF stretches are used. Dynamic used through rehab with slow passive movements at beginning and active and faster movements at end.
Should be as pain free as possible and involves both passive and active movements.
E.g) after knee reconstruction surgery, a skier regained mobility by walking without crutches at first and then was able to walk up and down stairs

Answer 65

A

Gradual exercise is used to ensure exercise intensity and activities progress with healing and do not cause further injury.
Gradual Exercise - the gradual increase in range of motion, intensity and activities to help ensure the athlete’s recovery is as pain free as possible.

Involves three phases:

Stretching - ensures that injury heals without scarring (scarring shortens the muscle and makes it prone to further injury)
- Different types include: static, dynamic, PNF, ballistic (discouraged)
Conditioning - the process of strengthening physical condition and getting back to preinjury levels.
- Should be specific to the person and type of injury.
Total Body Fitness - regaining the level of mental and physical fitness reached by the athlete before the injury occurred.
- Training programs must progressively and gradually overload the muscle groups and energy systems so that the required adaptations are regained before competition.

Answer 66

A

Training involves the participation in warm-up, conditioning, drills, skill development exercises, tactics, and cool-down.
Training during rehabilitation can slow down and limit the loss of fitness →> train with non-injured side or using their non-injured limbs.
Training after rehabilitation aims to: develop sport specific fitness components/skills, increase confidence and ensure a safe return to play.
Once an athlete is pain free and performing at pre-injured levels, performance should be assessed to determine readiness to return to full competition

Answer 67

A

Cold is generally applied for anything up to four days following injury and may be required at times following that to reduce inflammation.
Heat is not generally used for two to three days after injury, depending on the injury type and extent of damage.

The aims/benefits of heat application include:

increased blood flow (delivering nutrients and white blood cells, while removing waste)
decreased pain
increased flexibility (increases the elasticity of fibres, especially the new ones)
decreased joint stiffness (increases fluid to the joint)
increased tissue repair (by increasing blood flow)
Examples of heat application methods include ultrasound, whirlpool baths, moist heat packs, contrast baths.
Examples of cold application methods include: ice massages, ice water immersion, vapor coolant sprays, cryotherapy machine
The purpose of using cold in rehabilitation is to reduce pain, blood flow/bleeding, and inflammation

Answer 68

A

indicators of readiness to play
monitoring progress
psychological readiness
specific warm-up procedures
return to play policies and procedures
ethical considerations e.g. pressure to participate, use of painkillers

Answer 69

A

Elasticity
- flexibility returned

Strength
- new tissue is strong and able to support body in stressful movements

Pain free

if there is no visible or communicated pain, the athlete has passed this condition of readiness to return to play
Pain free means that the athletes injury is pain free when performing the sport which they compete in
Pain free in completing drills, mini games and during the actual competition
An athlete who is not pain free has a higher chance of injuring if they return to play

Degree of Mobility

the joint where the injury was sustained must have a suitable range of movement and mobility to suit the playing conditions - ROM
Amount of movement around the injured areas
- Eg if an athlete has torn a hamstring they need to have restored their mobility at both the hip and knee of the injured hamstring.
Together they promote the athletes wellbeing and prevent re injury

Balance
- able to balance on injured limb

Answer 70

A

Pre-test and post-test: the progress of the athlete must be monitored before and after a fitness test to ensure that there is no damage or harm done during the test which may delay the return to play.

Pretesting:
- Results from regular testing before the injury has occured

Post testing:

After rehabilitation of the injury
If results are similar to that of the pre test than rehab can stop provided on indicators of readiness to return to play are present
These test shouldn’t focus on one component of fitness, however they should be centred around what is needed for the sport and the affected injury area
Eg sprained ankle: Agility testing is vital (netball player) Changing direction, differing speeds, differing forces

Answer 71

A

After an injury, an athlete may feel quite anxious about returning to play. Even if the athlete is physically recovered from an injury, they may not be psychologically ready to return to elite competition. In this case, a coach may play them in a lower division until they are back to their best

If they athlete is not psychologically ready they should not return as this can lead to reinjury or further damage
Athletes returning from injuries especially long term: feel anxious
- Therefore athlete shidel the injury to protect it = poor technique which could lead to a further injury
- Lack of confidence = diminish performance
  - Eg rugby league = hold back from tackle = further injury

A psychological readiness to sport scale: Asks athletes to rate their confidence about their injury, skill level and pain

Answer 72

A

After injuries, it is sometimes necessary to have a specific warm up where the focus is on preparing the injury site for the proceeding impacts of play.

A specific warm up may include:

Extra or varied stretches(static, PNF, dynamic)
Strength work
A more concentrated warm up

Warm up given in addition to normal warm ups.

Help protect athletes against re injuring by ensuring the are has an adequate blood supply
- Eg hamstring strain = more dynamic stretching and strength based activities around the hip and knee

Agility runs = earned hamstring for application and absorption of forces eg in soccer

Most important aspect: Warm up targets injured area and replicates competition demands

Answer 73

A

Individual sports will have their own specific return to play policies and procedures. The athlete’s wellbeing should be central to any return to play policy. Contact sports usually have a policy about returning to play after a head injury.

These return to play policies and procedures must be followed by coaches and titles in order to promote the players safety and wellbeing

Developed in conjunction with academic organisations such as sports medicine Australia

NRL, AFL, FIFA use the SAME position statement - concussion to guide their policies on procedures for concussion injuries.

These require:

a medical clearance
scans being completed and reviewed (x-ray, MRI, ultrasound etc)
fitness and skills tests
other professional clearance (physiotherapist, exercise physiologist etc)

Answer 74

A

Pressure to participate
- Pressure to participate in sporting events comes from a number of sources, including team-mates and coaches.

Pressure can be both internal and external:

Internal - athletes pressure themselves can cause them to return too early from injury and risk re-injury.
External - pressure from sources such as team-mates, coaches and fans
- Arise as a result of financial or sporting loss while not competing.
- Coaches see players as commodities and when not playing, only view what it is costing the club.
It is unethical for coaches and other staff to place external pressures upon the athlete to return to play before they are ready → lead to greater injury.

Use of painkillers

Pain exists to tell the athlete when a particular movement causes further damage to the body → indicator that injury has occurred or is occurring.
The use of painkillers masks the natural indication to stop placing pressure on injury → can lead to greater injury, not being able to modify their movements accordingly.
Some painkillers such as paracetamol might be taken to address headaches or soreness around bruises.
Prescription painkillers by way of injection is an ethical concern.
Painkilling injections desensitise injured tissue and set an environment for further damage without the athletes knowledge.
Some athletes have a higher pain tolerance than others.
The decision to use painkillers rests with the individual in consultation with the team doctor, trainer and coach.
Athlete’s and their medical team need to weigh up the risks and rewards of the use of painkillers during competition

EG) Sam Burgess in 2014 NRL Grand Final, fractured his eye socket in the opening minutes of the game → took painkillers to ease the pain, but risked further damage and possible blindness.

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