Sport Science Flashcards
What are the functions of the skeletal system? (4)
- mineral storage site
- production of blood cells
- support and protection of bones
- body movement
What are the types of bones with examples?
- flat (cranium)
- long (femur)
- short (carpals, tarsals)
- sesamoid (patella)
- irregular (vertebrae)
How many vertebrae are they in the spine and what are the names?
33 in total
cervical (7)
thoracic (12)
lumbar (5)
saccrum (5 fused)
coccyx (4 fused)
What does fused mean?
It means there are no discs or gaps and the vertebrae are squished together
What is the difference between tendons and ligaments?
tendons - muscle to bone
ligaments - bone to bone
What is flexion?
angle between 2 bones is DECREASED
What is extension?
angle between 2 bones is INCREASED
What is adduction?
movement of a body part TOWARD the midline of the body
What is abduction?
movement of a body part AWAY the midline of the body
What is circumduction?
movement of a limb in a circular way
What is pronation?
face palm DOWNwards
What is supination?
face palm UPwards
What is plantarflexion?
angle pointing toes DOWN
What is dorsiflexion?
angle pointing toes UP
What is reciprocal inhibition?
paired movement in muscles
What are the functions of the muscular system? (4)
- helps circulation of blood
- enables us to move our body parts
- protect skeletal system
- body heat
What are the types of muscles? AND EXAMPLES
- skeletal muscles (striated) (pectoralis major)
- smooth/involuntary muscles (esophagus)
- cardiac muscles (striated) (heart)
What is concentric movement?
muscle shortens
What is eccentric movement?
muscle lengthens
Example of isotonic movement and what is it?
muscle length changes during contraption (squats)
Example of isometric movement and what is it?
muscle length remains unchanged (plank)
Example of isokinetic movement and what is it?
changes according to joint angle (cross-country, swimming)
What are the 2 types of muscle fibres?
slow twitch and fast twitch
What are some aspects of slow twitch muscle fibres?
- endurance based
- don’t fatigue easily
What are some aspects of fast twitch muscle fibres?
- high intensity/poweful
- fatigue quicker
What are the 4 types of movement?
Linear, angular, general, projectile
What is linear motion?
movement in a straight line
What is angular motion?
movement around an axis
What is general motion?
combination of linear and angular (straight and axis)
What is projectile motion?
flight or motion in the air
How many types of levers are there?
3
What does a first-class lever look like and an example?
FORCE-AXIS-RESISTANCE (FAR)
eg. rowing oar (force=hands, axis=oar bolt, resitance=water)
What does a second-class lever look like and an example?
AXIS-RESITANCE-FORCE (ARF)
eg. bottle opener
What does a third-class lever look like and an example?
AXIS-FORCE-RESISTANCE (AFR)
eg. bicep curl (axis=elbow joint, force=forearm, resistance=weight)
What are the 3 energy systems?
ATP-PC
anaerobic glycolysis
aerobic glycolysis
When does ATP-PC come in during activity?
0-10secs of activity (5 secs phase out)
When does anaerobic glycolysis come in during activity?
15-90 secs
When does aerobic glycolysis come in during activity?
90 secs+
What are some aspects of ATP-PC?
- no oxygen
- explosive
work:rest = 1:5
What are some aspects of anaerobic glycolysis?
- no oxygen
- somewhat explosive
- work:rest = 1:3
What are some aspects of aerobic glycolysis?
- oxygen required
- endurance>power
- work:rest = 1:1
What is Newton’s first law?
object with remain at rest or in motion unless acted upon by an external force
What is Newton’s second law?
force applied = acceleration in same direction and speed
What is Newton’s third law?
every action has an equal and opposite reaction
What is Gaseous Exchange in the lungs? (5)
- O2 breathed in
- O2 diffuses from the alveoli into capillaries
- CO2 diffuses from the capillaries into alveoli
- haemaglobin carries O2 through the body
- CO2 breathed out
What is Gaseous Exchange in the muscles? (4)
- haemoglobin delivers O2 to muscle site
- O2 diffuses into the muscle from the blood stream
- CO2 diffuses into the blood stream from the muscles
- haemoglobin carries C02 back to the lungs
Where do gases want to go?
to the place with the least pressure
What is diffusion?
diffusion is the movement of gases from a higher concentration to a lower concentration.
2 types of diffusion
pulmonary & exchange of gases at the muscle cell site.
What are the functions of the circulatory system?
- pump oxygen and blood around the body
- clears waste
- hydration
- regulate body temp
- fighting infection
Functions of the cardiac system?
- circulate blood
- bring O2, water & nutrients to cells
- take CO2 and other wastes away from cells
- maintain body temp and hydration (red blood cells)
- fights diseases (white blood cells)
Where does deoxygenated blood enter? (blue)
from the body it enters the right atrium of the heart through the superior/inferior vena cava.
Where does the oxygenated blood return? (red)
returns to the heart through the pulmonary veins, entering the left atrium.
What is the function of blood vessels?
they transport blood throughout the entire body.
3 major types of blood vessels?
arteries
capillaries
veins
What is the role of the arteries?
carry blood away from the heart
What is the role of capillaries?
allow the exchange of gases, nutrients and wastes between the blood and the tissues.
What is the role of veins?
carry blood back to the heart
What is stroke volume?
the amount of blood pumped by each heart beat of the heart. SV increases the fitter people are
What are the 2 dif types of blood pressure?
systolic blood pressure & diastolic blood pressure
What is systolic blood pressure?
it is the highest pressure, and is the pressure on the arteries as the left ventricle contracts
What is diastolic blood pressure?
it is the lowest pressure, and is the pressure on the arteries as the left ventricle relaxes.
What is the function of the cervical vertebrae?
Support for your head
What is the function of the thoracic vertebrae?
Connect ribs to spine
What is the function of the lumbar vertebrae?
support heavy weights
What is the function of the sacrum vertebrae?
supports pelvis
What is the function of the coccyx vertebrae?
insertion site for many muscles
