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GCSE PE paper 2 > Sport Psychology > Flashcards

Sport Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a skill?

A

A learned behaviour stored in the long term memory, that can be used in a variety of ways.

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2
Q

What is ability?

A

A stable, inherited trait that determines an individual’s potential to learn or acquire a skill.

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3
Q

What are the classifications of skills?

A
  • basic and complex,
  • open and closed,
  • self-paced and externally-paced,
  • gross to fine continuum.
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4
Q

What is a basic skill?

A
  • Few decisions need to be made,
  • Tend to be taught to beginners and is learned fairly quickly,
  • For example, walking and jumping are basic.
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5
Q

What is a complex skill?

A
  • Requires complex decisions to be made, these decisions effect the success of the movement,
  • Tend to be taught to elite performers,
  • Takes time to master,
  • For example, high jump is complex.
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6
Q

What is an open skill?

A
  • The way you do the skill is effected by the environment,

- For example, a pass in football.

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7
Q

What is a closed skill?

A
  • The way you do a skill will not differ according to the environment.
  • For example, doing a somersault in gymnastics.
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8
Q

What is a self-paced skill?

A
  • When the event is initiated by the performer,
  • The intensity and duration is also controlled internally,
  • For example, a trampolining routine.
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9
Q

What is an externally-paced skill?

A
  • When the event is initiated by external sources,
  • The intensity and duration is controlled externally,
  • For example, a pass in football.
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10
Q

What is a gross skill?

A
  • When the skill requires large movements,
  • This utilises large muscle groups,
  • For example, a dunk in basketball.
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11
Q

What is a fine skill?

A
  • When the skill requires small movements,
  • This utilises smaller muscle groups,
  • For example, throwing a dart.
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12
Q

What are the two types of goals?

A
  • Performance,

- Outcome

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13
Q

What is an outcome goal?

A
  • Goals that only look at the outcome, not performance,
  • Often compared to other competitors as you need to see who you can excel above.
  • For example, winning a football match.
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14
Q

What are performance goals?

A
  • Goals that are based solely on performance, the outcome does not matter,
  • Not compared to other performers because it is personal performance.
  • For example, aiming for the corner when you shoot in football.
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15
Q

What are reasons for goals?

A
  • Motivation,
  • Purpose for training,
  • Tracking improvement.
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16
Q

Why should a low level performer not set goals?

A
  • Unrealistic,
  • They may fail,
  • Demotivating,
  • Hard to control.
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17
Q

What are SMART targets?

A 
Specific
Measurable
Accepted
Realistic
Time bound
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18
Q

What does the S mean in SMART targets?

A
  • Specific,

- The target must be specific to your sport and yourself as a performer.

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19
Q

What does the M mean in SMART targets?

A
  • Measurable,

- The target must have a measure of progress/ success to see if it is achievable.

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20
Q

What does the A mean in SMART targets?

A
  • Accepted,

- The target must be agreed by the performer and coach.

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21
Q

What does the R mean in SMART targets?

A
  • Realistic,
  • The target has to be achievable or there is not point in setting a target because you will just be demotivated when you don’t achieve it.
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22
Q

What does the T mean in SMART targets?

A
  • Time bound,
  • The target must be time bound so that progress can be measured over time and that the performer is motivated to accomplish their goal.
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23
Q

What is the information processing model?

A

IPM is a diagram which is split into 4 sections, these sections deconstruct how our body reacts to a stimulus:

  • Input
  • Decision making
  • Output
  • Feedback
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24
Q

What is the input phase of the IPM?

A
  • A stimulus is sensed from the environment,

- For example, a ball being thrown to you.

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25
Q

What is the decision making phase of the IPM?

A
  • Your brain searches through your short and long term memory to see if you have been in a similar situation,
  • If you have your brain reacts as before,
  • If not your brain must think of another reaction.
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26
Q

What is the output phase of the IPM?

A
  • Your brain send impulses to your muscles based on your decision,
  • In the exam name the muscles involved.
27
Q

What is the feedback phase of the IPM?

A
  • Your brain analyses the outcome and sees if it was correct,
  • The brain will remember changes it must make next time you do the same reaction so that it is done better.
  • You receive intrinsic and extrinsic feedback:
  • How did the ball feel when you caught it? (intrinsic),
  • Did you catch it, could you have caught better (extrinsic).
28
Q

Use the information processing model to explain how a keeper will save a shot?

A

Input = the ball has been kicked towards goal,
Making a decision = should the keeper dive/ stay still/ jump/ move on his feet,
Output = the keeper dives
Feedback = did the keeper save it, could he have saved it any better?

29
Q

What factors effect the input?

A
  • Strength of the stimulus,
  • Size of the stimulus,
  • Speed,
  • Colour,
  • Eye sight,
  • Noise,
  • Levels of arousal
30
Q

What is arousal?

A

The physical and mental state of alertness and readiness.

31
Q

What is the inverted U theory?

A
  • Gross skills typically need higher levels of arousal as more/ larger muscle groups have to be used and the movements tend to require a lot of strength and alertness,
  • Fine skills typically need lower levels of arousal as they need more control and concentration with smaller muscle groups.
32
Q

What are some methods to control arousal?

A
  • Deep breathing,
  • Visualisation + Mental rehearsal + imagery
  • Positive self-talk
33
Q

How does deep breathing control levels of arousal?

A

It calms down the performer so their arousal levels are not too high. High arousal will cause the performer to lack concentration and not perform well.

34
Q

How does visualisation/ mental rehearsal control levels of arousal?

A

If the performer can see themselves doing the event/ skill perfectly, they will be calmer and more prepared when it comes to performing. This also give confidence to the performer and lowers nerves.

35
Q

How does positive self-talk control levels of arousal?

A

Encouragement will help the performer to be confident and lower nerves. This also mentally prepares themselves for the event and allows them to concentrate on the skills they must perform.

36
Q

What is aggression?

A

The deliberate effort to injure or harm someone, which his can be physical or mental.

37
Q

What are the types of direct aggression?

A
  • Direct,

- Indirect

38
Q

What is direct aggression?

A
  • Aggression aimed a another performer,

- Involve some kind of physical contact.

39
Q

What is indirect aggression?

A
  • Aggression that is not directly aimed at another competitor,
  • Taken out on an object instead of a person, for example, kicking a football far away in rage.
40
Q

What are the personality types?

A
  • Introvert,

- Extrovert.

41
Q

What are the qualities of an introvert?

A
  • Doesn’t need a high level of arousal,
  • Shy, quiet, thoughtful,
  • Tend to play individual sports,
  • Enjoy being on their own,
  • Tend to play sports with lower levels of arousal.
42
Q

What are the qualities of an extroverted?

A
  • Tends to have a high level of arousal,
  • Enjoys social interaction,
  • Outgoing, sociable, talkative,
  • Tends to play team sports,
  • Tend to play sports with high levels of arousal.
43
Q

What is motivation?

A

A combination of a performers enthusiasm and determination in order to achieve a goal.

44
Q

What are the two types of motivation?

A
  • Intrinsic (internal),

- Extrinsic (external)

45
Q

What is intrinsic motivation?

A

Motivation from within yourself, this is generally very effective because a personal goal tends to have more impact than someone else encouraging.

46
Q

What is extrinsic motivation?

A

Motivation from external sources like coaches or peers..

47
Q

What is guidance?

A

Help from coaches or a teacher in order to improve their performance.

48
Q

What are the types of guidance?

A
  • Visual (being show)
  • Verbal (hearing something/ instructions)
  • Manual (Physically helping)
  • Mechanical (Use of objects).
49
Q

What is visual guidance?

A

Using videos/ demonstrations in order to show a technique or skill.

  • This tends to be used on beginners who do not understand the sport very well and need demonstrations,
  • Elite may use it sometimes in order to see their performance and tweek their tiny errors in technique.
50
Q

What is verbal guidance?

A

Being told what to do (by a teacher or instructor),

  • Used for beginners along side visual guidance to explain the videos,
  • Used for elite performers because they can understand the sport and the instructions given to them, without any visual guidance. Often not needed though.
51
Q

What is manual guidance?

A

Physically helping someone learn a skill by moving the body of the performer,

  • Used for beginners because they need help with learning the basic, it makes sure they do not learnt the wrong technique and develop a habit,
  • Not used for elite performers.
52
Q

What is mechanical guidance?

A

Using an object to help with learning,

  • Used for beginners so they can learn basic skills, they are taken away over time so that the performers do not become dependant on the objects (floats in swimming).
  • Not needed for elite performers.
53
Q

Why do we use mechanical/ manual guidance for beginners?

A
  • Helps them feel safe,
  • Helps to complete and learn the movement,
  • Helps the performer to understand how the skill is performed,
  • But the aid must go away over time so they do not become dependant.
54
Q

What is feedback?

A

Information a performer receives about their performance.

55
Q

What are the types of feedback?

A
  • Positive and negative,
  • Knowledge of results | Knowledge of performance,
  • Extrinsic and intrinsic.
56
Q

How can you remember the feedback types?

A 
Negative
Intrinsic
Positive 
Performance knowledge
Extrinsic
Result knowledge
57
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

Informing the athlete what they that is correct, this can motivate players.

58
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

Informing athletes what they are doing wrong s they can improve, give constructive criticism not rude comments.

59
Q

What is knowledge of performance feedback?

A

Feedback solely on the performance of the player, nothing to do with the outcome only quality of play/ event.

60
Q

What is knowledge of result feedback?

A

Feedback on the result of the performers performance, has nothing to do with how well they performed, only the outcome of the event/ match.

61
Q

What is extrinsic feedback?

A

Feedback from outside the performer (peers and coaches).

62
Q

What is intrinsic feedback?

A

Personal feedback you give yourself.

63
Q

What feedback is best for a beginner?

A
  • Positive (motivates the participant),
  • Cannot understand complex extrinsic feedback,
  • They do not know themselves what to improve so need simple extrinsic feedback,
  • Knowledge of performance (they need to improve technique).
64
Q

What is the best feedback for an elite performer?

A
  • Negative, they can handle criticism and don’t need motivation (they are personally motivated to get better so negative is actually motivating),
  • can interpret complex extrinsic feedback,
  • The know what to improve on so can give intrinsic feedback,
  • Knowledge of results (want to win).

GCSE PE paper 2 (3 decks)

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