Sport Psychology Flashcards
If a performer is an Expert, Will their Dominant Response be correct ?
Their Dominant Response will likely to be performed correctly
- have over-learned motor programme stored in LTM
- performer will facilitate under pressure
What are the causes of Aggression ?
- playing badly
- feeling the team isn’t trying
- disagree with official’s decision
- provocation by opponent/crowd
- importance of game
- contact sport
- naturally aggressive personality
- social learning
- over-arousal
How can you the Interactionist Perspective to improve performance ?
- coach known innate personalities of performer can use to an advantage to suit situation
- develop training situations so performer can be assessed how they change to situations
- training programmes allow strategies fro real situations e.g. controlling aggression
What is the PERFORMING stage of the Tuckman’s model ?
- players interact effectively
- full commitment to achieve team goals
- individual roles + responsibilities are completely understood
What are COGNITIVE strategies for stress management ?
1) PSYCHOLOGICAL SKILL TRAINING
2) MENTAL REHEARSAL
3) VISUALISATION
4) POSITIVE SELF-TALK
5) IMAGERY
6) NEGATIVE THOUGHT-STOPPING
7) ATTERNTIAL CONTROL + CUE UTILISATION
What is the SPECIFIC element of the SMARTER principle ?
- must be clear and exact
- reflect individual position/event
e. g. rugby improve catches
How can CENTRING manage Stress ?
- concentrating on breathing
- useful during break in performances
- as breath out, chant word how you wish to perform e.g. calm
What is Cognitive anxiety ?
is a psychological response to a threat
- symptoms include worrying, irrational thinking, confusion and learned helplessness
What is the STABILITY DIMENSION part of the Weiner’s model ?
STABILITY DIMENSION - how changeable/fixed reason for winning/losing are
1) stable - unlikely to change in short-term (relative permanent)
- e.g. ability or task difficulty
2) unstable - can be change in a short-term of time
- e.g. effort or luck
How can you use Physiological methods to measure anxiety ?
- generate factual data on Physiological (Somatic) responses
- POSITIVE = Factual so comparison can be made and use during training + competition
- NEGATIVE = expensive, trained coaches needed and restricted movement
How can COACHES control aggression ?
- praise non-aggressive acts
- highlight non-aggressive role models
- punish aggression
- peer pressure that aggression is unacceptable
- set process +performances goals instead of product goals
- ensure own behaviour isn’t aggressive
- give player responsibility within the team + understand their specific role
What is Somatic anxiety ?
is a physiological response to a threat
- symptoms include heart rate, blood pressure, swear levels and muscle tension increasing
What is the Social Leaning part of the Formation of Attitude ?
- involves imitating the attitudes from significant others e.g. peers, friends, teaches etc.
- have similar attitudes to similar sports - copy and reinforced
What is SOCIAL FACILITATION ?
Is the positive effect of presence of others on performance
- enjoy performing with audience -> improve their performance - motivation
What is VERBAL PERSUASION ?
- give praise + positive reinforcement
- significant others should provide this
What is EMOTIONAL AROUSAL ?
- show hoe to cope with and control arousal levels
- remove performers perceives of unable to do it
- somatic + cognitive strategies
What are tangible and intangible rewards ?
TANGIBLE - rewards than can be touched or held
INTANGIBLE - non-physical rewards
What is STRESS ?
a negative response of the body to a threat causing anxiety
- distress - performance is inhibited
What is the INTERNAL-EXTERNAL dimension of attentional focus ?
Is concerned with where the focus is being placed
- INTERNAL - is thought + feelings of the performer
- EXTERNAL - is on the environmental cues
What is Achievement Goal theory ?
Suggest that every performer will have their own perception of what achievement means to them and what successful looks like
1) Outcome-orientated goals - set with specific aim to beat and show superiority over others
2) Task-orientated goals - aims to master a skill and improve own performance
- more important for motivation + confidence
What are the Key Strategies to combat inhibition ?
- familiarisation training
- increase self-efficacy
- practice skills until they are grooved
- use selective attention to improve focus/concentration
COGNITIVE strategies : - mental rehearsal
- imagery
- positive self-task
- negative thought-stopping
What is the ATTRIBUTION THEORY ?
” A perception of the reason for an outcome of an event”
- In sport content, performers use attribution theory to offer reasoning for winning, losing and playing good/bad
What is the Past experiences part of the Formation of Attitude ?
- winning will develop positive attitude and develop high perception in own ability
- losing will develop negative attitude and lower self-confidence
How BIOFEEDBACK can manage Stress ?
- use equipment to generate physiological data
- identify what causes most stress
- time consuming + increase anxiety-awareness
What is the TIME element of the SMARTER principle ?
- set period - progress checked + maintain motivation
e. g. pb by the end of the month
How does Peak flow experience to a performer ?
Peak flow happens to a performer when they :
- are presented with a level pf challenge that matches their skill ability
- have a clear goal
- have the correct attentional style
- have a positive attitude
- have control of their arousal levels
It is vert difficult to achieve peak flow because task can’t be too hard to too easy
What does Interactive others include ?
INTERACTIVE OTHERS - does interact with performer - communicate directly with performer
1) Competitors - opponents, those directly in competition
2) Social Reinforcers - give direct influence on event e.g. crowd and coach
What is the AGGRESSIVE CUE HYPOTHESIS theory of aggression ?
It suggest when goal blocked, their arousal levels increase and experience frustration. This leads to being READY for aggression act (not inevitable)
- updated frustration-aggression hypothesis
- only happens if learned cue/triggers are present e.g. coach praising anger tackle
What is the BROAD-NARROW dimension of attentional focus ?
Is concerned with how many cues are being focused on
- BROAD - many cues
- NARROW - one/two cues
What are the four types of goals ?
1) TASK-ORIENTATED goals
2) PROCESS goals
3) PERFORMANCE goals
4) OUTCOME goals
How can PSYCHOLOGICAL SKILL TRAINING manage Stress ?
- individualised programme to utilises a range of mental training strategies
- tailor made - specific sport
What is PERFORMANCE ACCOMPLISHMENTS ?
- affected by past experiences
- coach remind the performer of past success in similar situation
What is TASK COHESION ?
Is when group members work in unity to meet a common aim
- no socialise away from team but come together
- interactive sport e.g. volley-ball (rely on each others timing + co-ordination to achieve)
What is the Media part of the Formation of Attitude ?
- involves role models display positive attitude so likely to adopt their positive attitudes towards being active
How can ATTENTIONAL CONTROL + CUE UTILISATION manage Stress ?
CUE UTILISATION - ability to take in cues from environment with their level of arousal
- need to be at moderate levels of arousal (not too little or too large)
What is Steiner’s Model off group performance ?
Actual Productivity = Potential Productivity - Fault Processes
- result = best possible outcome - things going wrong
What are the causes of Anxiety ?
- task importance
- losing/fear of failure
- being fouled
- perceived inaccuracy of official’s decision
- injury/fear of being injured
- audience effect e.g. abusive crowd
- evaluation apprehension
What is Group Formation ?
A group is two or more people who :
- interact with each other
- share a common goal
- have mutual awareness
- have a collective identity
What is INTRINSIC motivation ?
Motivation which comes from within the performer
- participate for love of the sport, for self-satisfaction and pride of achieving their own goals e.g. completing marathon
- this type of motivation will maintain participation for longer periods than extrinsic motivation
What is PERFORMANCE goals ?
- set against yourself to improve performance from last time
What is Hanin’s Zone of optimum functioning ?
It suggest optimum performance reaches during a zone, not a single point ( experience once in entire sporting career)
Characteristics of the zone include :
- performing at optimum arousal levels
- feeling completely calm
- complete attentional control
- performing on ‘autopilot’
- completely confident - inevitable success
- performing smoothly, efficiently and effortlessly
What is PERSUASIVE COMMUNICATION ?
It suggest significant others can encourage you to change mind
- very difficult as ultimately the individual must want to change
What is the NORMING stage of the Tuckman’s model ?
- conflict resolved - goals clarified
- greater commitment + appreciation of team strengths
- GROUP COHESION developed
What are the strategies to maintain Motivation ?
- tangible + intangible rewards
- make activity fun/enjoyable
- set easily achievable goals - success
- role models
- highlight fitness + health benefits
- use variable practice
- generate intrinsic motivation through performance goals
- continually set new, challenging goals
- punish lack of motivation
- use peer group pressure
What is STATE SPORT CONFIDENCE ?
SC-STATE - a belief in to master a specific sporting situation
- based on past experience
What is SOCIAL LOAFING ?
“performer lowers levels of effect that contribute to team because they believe they are not a valued member and input is not noticed”
What is Weiner’s Model of the attribution theory ?
Suggest that four key attributions lie on two dimensions : LOCUS OF CAUSALITY - internal - external STABILITY DIMENSION - stable - unstable
What is a NACH performer and what are there personality characteristics ?
NEED TO ACHIEVE
- approach behaviour
- high confidence
- enjoy challenge
- will take risks
- attitudes success internally
- not afraid to fail
- welcome feedback
- take responsibility
- likes audience
What are the responses to Stressors ?
1) Somatic responses are PHYSIOLOGICAL
- e.g. heart rate, blood pressure, sweating levels, muscle tension + adrenaline production increase
2) Cognitive responses are PSYCHOLOGICAL
- e.g. anxiety, irrational thinking, reduced concentration and poor decision making
What is the STORMING stage of the Tuckman’s model ?
- many teams fail due to conflict
- relationships strained
- competition for roles - goal unclear
What is EXTRINSIC motivation ?
Motivation which comes from an outside source
- it could be tangible e.g. money, trophies or medals, or intangible e.g. praise from coach or crowd
- attracts performers at first so useful method for cognitive performers -confidence
- young athletes can rely on extrinsic rewards to participate - lead to drop in participation levels
What are the two types of motivation ?
1) INTRINSIC motivation
2) EXTRINSIC motivation
What is GROUP COHESION ?
The desire of group members to achieve their goals
- have unity + structure + share aims
1) TASK cohesion
2) SOCIAL cohesion
What is involved in the Formation of Attitude ?
- can be positive or negative and developed through experiences rather than innate
- begin to form at an early age
1) Past experiences
2) Socialisation
3) Social Leaning
4) Media
How can VISUALISATION manage Stress ?
- perform skill successfully in training and lock in the mental image of it
- relived in competitive situations
- internal or external
What are BENEFITS of goal setting ?
- increase confidence levels
- increase motivation
- give performer an aim or focus
- reduce anxiety/arousal levels
- focus attention - improve selective attention
- prevent learning plateau
What is PROCESS goals ?
- short-term to improve technique
How does Somatic and Cognitive anxiety link ?
Somatic and Cognitive anxiety often occur together in sport
- Somatic is like the “inverted-u theory affect”
- Cognitive has a linear negative affect
What is Lewin’s Interactionist Perspective
- Lewin - personality according to the situation
- B = f(PxE)
- Behaviour is a function of the product of trait personality and the environment
What is the Dominant Response ?
Is a well-learned skill that the performer will use when under competitive pressure
- at heightened levels of arousal, performers revet back to their dominant response
- strong link between drive theory + Zajonc’s model
What is Personality ?
it comprises the unique, psychological, temperamental features of an individual
- Personality causes the ‘nature vs nurture’ debate
What is the Trait Perspective ?
It suggest performer is born with personality - genetically determined (consistent behaviour)
- Characteristics shown in all situations so personality and behaviour are predictable
- coaches are able to design training to suit the performer
What is Anxiety ?
is a level of nerves and irrational thinking
- caused by performer’d perception that their ability isn’t good enough
- negatively affect performance
How can BREATHING CONTROL manage Stress ?
- controlling + concentrating on the rate + depth of breathing
- become less distracted + focus on task
What is Social learning Perspective ?
It suggest performers learns their personality and behaviour from experiences
- copied and reinforced from significant others e.g. role models, parents, peers through socialisation
- changes according to different situations so behaviour can not be predicted
- more likely to cope someone with similar age, gender or characteristics e.g. ability
What is Home-Field Advantage ?
Suggest perform better at home as their are large numbers of supports + familiar with venue POSITiVE EFFECT - improve social facilitation - lower anxiety + boost self-efficacy - play more attacking style/tactics - visiting team - over-arousal + social inhibition NEGATIVE EFFECT - increase pressure from hoe crowd - social inhibition for home team - more important - choke
What is Competitive Trait anxiety ?
is the disposition to suffer from nervousness in most sporting situations
- natural tendency - regardless the importance or possibility of winning
What are the four theories of aggression ?
1) INSTINCT theory
2) FRUSTRATION-AGGRESSION HYPOTHESIS theory
3) AGGRESSIVE CUE HYPOTHESIS theory
4) SOCIAL LEANING theory
What is SOCIAL COHESION ?
Is when group members get along and feel attached to others
- communicate + support each other in + out the sporting arena
- co-active sport e.g. David cup
What is Carron’s Antecedents on group cohesion ?
Suggest that there are four factors that affect task/social cohesion. These factors can bring a team together + more effective, stable and satisfied - PELT
1) PERSONAL - level of motivation + how satisfied within team
2) ENVIRONMENTAL - contract or scholarship, their location, age and size of the group
3) LEADERSHIP - leadership style and relationship between players and coach
4) TEAM - stability of group, common experiences in victory + defeat
What is SELF-SERVING BIAS ?
“using external or/and unstable reasons for losing”
- correct use of attribution - increase self esteem + keep motivated
- attribute success on stable internal factors e.g. ability
- attribute failure on unstable/stable external factors e.g. luck or task difficulty or effort
- help avoid LEARNED HELPLESSNESS
What is the ACHIEVABLE element of the SMARTER principle ?
- must be able to achieve within time frame
e. g. reduce 400m time by 2 seconds
How can POSITIVE SELF-TALK manage Stress ?
- verbally reminding yourself the key point and you can achieve it
What could the coach do to combat inhibition ?
- decrease the importance of the task
- offer encouragement, praise reinforcement and praise to the performer
- slowly introduce evaluation in training
What is Arousal ?
is the level so somatic + cognitive stimulations that get us ready to perform
- motivated + being at optical of arousal is important in sport
What is ATTRIBUTION RETRAINING ?
“changing the reasons given for success or failure”
- overcome learned helplessness
- change the perception and belief in sports person be changing reasons for failure
- internal/stable -> external/unstable factors
What is Nideffer’s Model of ATTENTIONAL FOCUS ?
suggest different sports require different types of attentional focus
- will reduce stress
- there are two dimensions of attentional focus
1) BROAD-NARROW
2) INTERNAL-EXTERNAL
What is Aggression and what is Assertion ?
AGGRESSION - is intent to harm outside the rules, hostile behaviour
ASSERTION - well-motivated behaviour within the rules
- no intention to harm the opponent
What is Tuckman’s model of Group Formation ?
Suggest there are four stages that group go through in order to begin to work together effectively
- time it takes vary’s depending on experience and size of group
FORMING
STORMING
NORMING
PERFORMING
How can you use Questionnaires to measure anxiety ?
- Marten’s SCAT - sport competition anxiety test - answer statements
- help coaches evaluate performer’s anxiety levels
- STAI - state-trait anxiety inventory
- CSAI-2 - competitive state anxiety inventory 2
- POSITIVE = cheap + efficient
- NEGATIVE = answer truthfully, not understood or environmental factors affect answers
What is the LOCUS OF CAUSALITY part of the Weiner’s model ?
LOCUS OF CAUSALITY - amount of control over outcome of events
1) internal - within the performer’s control
- e.g. ability or effort
2) external - outside the performer’s control
- e.g. task difficulty or luck (referee decision)
What are the three Personality perspectives ?
1) Trait Perspective
2) Social Learning Perspective
3) Interactionist Perspective
What are the three theories of level of arousal ?
1) DRIVE THEORY
2) INVERTED-U THEORY
3) CATASTROPHE THEORY
What is the EVALUATE element of the SMARTER principle ?
- whether goal was achieved
- reasons for progress made (positive or negative)
- help set further goals
How can you use Questionnaires to measure anxiety ?
- Marten’s SCAT - sport competition anxiety test - answer statements
- help coaches evaluate performer’s anxiety levels
- STAI - state-trait anxiety inventory
- CSAI-2 - competitive state anxiety inventory 2
- POSITIVE = cheap + efficient
- NEGATIVE = answer truthfully, not understood or environmental factors affect answers
What are situational characteristics of a NAF performer ?
VERY COMPETITIVE
- task with high incentive value (proud)
- task with low probability of success (challenging)
What is SOCIAL INHIBITION ?
Is the negative effect of presence of others on performance
- dislike performing with audience -> worsens their performance - pressure
What’s involved in the TRIADIC MODEL of Attitude ?
- suggest attitude is made up of three components
1) COGNITIVE - beliefs + thoughts
e. g. i think that going to the gym is a waste of time
2) AFFECTIVE - emotions + feelings
e. g. I hate going to the gym
3) BEHAIOURAL - actions + responses
e. g. I don’t go to the gym - attitude isn’t consistent as components can be a mixture of positive and negative attitude
What is Competitive State anxiety ?
is the nervous response to a specific sporting situation
- high pressure moments
- can be caused my negative past experiences e.g. penalty
- performer who has high trait anxiety will experience state anxiety
What is Self-efficacy ?
the amount of confidence you have in a specific task, sport or situation
- a belief in the ability to master a specific sporting situation
- is specific rather than general
What is Achievement Motivation ?
the tendency to approach or avoid competitive situations. Summed up as the drive to succeed minus the fear of failure
- based on personality + situational factors
How does the audience effect the performer ?
The main effect on the performer is that they will experience increased arousal but have varied effect depending on skill classification and performer’s level of experience
What is a NAF performer and what are there personality characteristics ?
NEED TO AVIOD FAILURE
- avoidance behaviour
- low confidence
- dislike challenge
- will take easy option
- attitudes failure internally
- gives in easily
- not welcome feedback
- learned helplessness
- does not likes audience
What is TRAIT SPORT CONFIDENCE ?
SC-TRAIT - a belief in the ability to do well in a range of sports
- innate/natural
What is the CATASTROPHE THEORY of arousal ?
It suggest as arousal increases, performance also increases up till an optimal level of arousal but a sudden drop after optimal point
- considers both somatic + cognitive anxiety - high anxiety causes sudden drop
- effect can be reversed by using relaxation techniques
GRAPH - parabola then sudden drop down
What are the Factors which cause Social loafing ?
- no clear role within group
- low self-efficacy + confidence
- team mates not trying
- coach poor leader - weak strategies
- no encouragement
- high level of trait/state anxiety
- carrying an injury
- experience social inhibition
How can IMAGERY manage Stress ?
- recalling a successful previous experience
- using all senses to recreate the feeling of success
What is the REALISTIC element of the SMARTER principle ?
- within the performers reach from where they are now
- ensure sustained effort + motivation
e. g. running sub 55 10km in 12 months
Performance will be facilitated if the performer is ?
- Expert performer
- Simple skill - limited decision making
- Gross skill - don’t need precision/accuracy
What are strategies to develop high levels of self-efficacy ?
- point out previous success
- praise +encouragement
- observe others - peers
- somatic + cognitive strategies - control arousal/anxiety
- allow success in training
- attitude success internally
- set achievable goals
What is the Principle effective goal setting ?
When setting goals, the SMARTER principle should be followed
What is VICARIOUS EXPERIENCES ?
- performer with similar characteristics to show the task is possible
- increase self-efficacy
What is the RINGELMANN EFFECT ?
“as the size of the group increases, individual performance decreases”
- suggested after tug-a-war experiment
- reduction in motivation
What are the Factors causing Evaluation Apprehension :
Factors causing Evaluation Apprehension :
- audience is knowledge e.g. scout
- significant others watching e.g. family
- audience is abusive/supportive
- performer have low self-efficacy (don’t believe in ability)
What is the Socialisation part of the Formation of Attitude ?
- “How individual wishes to fit in with the cultural norms around them”
- adopt the same feeling towards sport from family + friends - differ you’re attitude
What is COMPETITIVE ORIENTATION ?
is the degree to which a performer is drawn to challenging situations + type of goal they have set themselves
- amount of competitiveness
What is TASK-ORIENTATED goals ?
- master skill or improve own performance
- process more important than outcome
What are SOMATIC strategies for stress management ?
1) BIOFEEDBACK
2) PROGRESSIVE MUSCLE RELAXATION
3) BREATHING CONTROL
4) CENTRING
5) WARM-UP
What is EVALUATION APPREHENSION ?
“the fear of being judged”
- could have perceive that audience is judging but not actually judging the performer
If a performer is an Novice, Will their Dominant Response be correct ?
Their Dominant Response will likely to be performed incorrectly
- have not yet grooved their response
- performer will inhibit under pressure
How can NEGATIVE THOUGHT-STOPPING manage Stress ?
- replace with positive thinking
- used with other cognitive strategies
What is OUTCOME goals ?
- long term goals after extensive work
- set against others - based on outcome
What are examples of FAULTY PROCESSES ?
- co-ordination problems
- motivation losses - withdrawing effort
- no understanding of roles in teams
- lack of understanding of tactics + strategies
- RINGELMANN EFFECT
- SOCIAL LOAFING
What is the FRUSTRATION-AGGRESSION HYPOTHESIS theory of aggression ?
It suggest frustration from our goal being blocked can led to aggression response
- if no cathartic effect happens then aggression will build up inside performer
DRAWBACKS :
- doesn’t consider when frustration and aggression when goal hasn’t been blocked
- have goal blocked and experience frustration but no aggression
Performance will be inhibited if the performer is ?
- Novice performer
- Complex skill - serval decision making
- Fine skill - need precision/accuracy
What is Hollander’s Interactionist Perspective ?
- Hollander - personality has three aspects ; Core, typical responses and role-related behaviour
1) CORE - is you + your beliefs and values which is stable
2) TYPICAL RESPONSE - how performer usually responds
3) ROLE-RELATED BEHAVIOUR - how performer responds to specific environment - unstable
What are Strategies to improve team performance ?
- highlight individual performance
- give specific roles + responsibilities
- developing social cohesion
- praise + award cohesive behaviour
- raise performer confidence
- encourage group identify
- ensure effective leadership
- punish social loafing
- select players who work together will
What is Peak flow experience ?
It describes the “ultimate positive psychological state for a performer”
- It is very rare + intense
- fully concentrated on the task + absolute control over their actions
What is Motivation ?
is a person’s drive to succeed
- inspire them to perform in sport
How to measure Anxiety ?
1) Questionnaires
2) Observations
3) Physiological methods
What causes Stress ?
STRESSORS - the cause of stressful responses
- important match
- sustaining an injury
- being fouled/injured
- perception playing bad/letting team down
- fatigue
What are situational characteristics of a NACH performer ?
NOT COMPETITIVE
- task with low incentive value (little satisfaction)
- task with low probability of success (easy)
What is LEARNED HELPLESSNESS ?
“using internal stable reasons for losing” e.g. ability
- lack in confidence - perceive failure is INEVITABLE and success is unlikely
- cause avoidance behaviour + reduce task persistence + lack effort
- can be general + specific
What is EUSTRESS ?
the positive response of the body to threat
- performance is facilitated
How can PLAYERS control aggression ?
COGNITIVE TECHNIQUES - mental rehearsal - imagery - visualisation - selective attention - negative thought stopping -positive self-talk SOMATIC TECHNIQUES - relaxation techniques - deep breathing - biofeedback - count to ten - walk away - mantra
What are the four types of anxiety ?
1) Somatic anxiety
2) Cognitive anxiety
3) Competitive Trait anxiety
4) Competitive State anxiety
What is Zajonc’s model on the types of ‘others’ present during performance ?
Suggest there are four types of ‘others’ present during performance
1) PASSIVE OTHERS
2) INTERACTIVE OTHERS
What is the RE-DO element of the SMARTER principle ?
- repeat efforts for any goals not met yet
- following evaluation, adjust goals to ensure success
How can MENTAL REHEARSAL manage Stress ?
- going over performance in head without movement
- before task begins
What is the FORMING stage of the Tuckman’s model ?
- initially get together (see if they fit in)
- roles + responsibilities are unclear
- members start to work together
How to develop NACH/approach behaviour ?
- ensure success (goals)
- raise confidence - reinforcement + praise
- attitude success internally
- highlight successful role models
What is the INVERTED-U THEORY of arousal ?
It suggest as arousal increases, performance also increases up till an optimal level of arousal
- under and over arousal can both be detrimental to performance
GRAPH - parabola
What is Vealey’s model of sports Confidence ?
Suggest a performer with undertake a task with a certain amount of :
1) TRAIT SPORT CONFIDENCE
2) STATE SPORT CONFIDENCE
3) COMPETITIVE ORIENTATION
- produce the response + consider subjective outcome
- positive result = increase confidence - approach behaviour
- negative result = decrease confidence - avoidance behaviour
What are the strategies to change negative attitude?
- ensure positive, successful experiences
- praising positive attitude/behaviour
- punish negative attitudes/behaviour e.g. ban
- positive role models to highlight attitude
- PERSUASIVE COMMUNICATION
- COGNITIVE DISSONANCE
What is COGNITIVE DISSONANCE ?
Is caused by generating unease inside the individual by changing a negative component to positive
- if all components match then performer is in state of cognitive consonance
- start to question attitude and change it to positive
What is Atkinson’s Model of Achievement Motivation ?
He suggest that in demanding situations performers will exhibit either NACH or NAF characteristics
- based on personality + situational factors
What are the strategies for coach to avoid learned helplessness ?
- provide motivation via reinforcement + encouragement
- set realistic/achievable goals
- raise self-efficacy by using Bandura’s model
- highlight previous successful performances
- ATTRIBUTION RETRAINING
What is the INSTINCT theory of aggression ?
It suggest aggressive response is innate - genetically determined
- believes that inevitably aggression builds up within us
- provoked enough - release of aggression
DRAWBACKS :
- not consider the environment/social learning
- experience increased aggression in sport competition
- not everyone is aggressive
What is the MEASURABLE element of the SMARTER principle ?
- must be quantifiable so process can be assessed
e. g. netball 80% success rate
What is Bandura’s model of Self-efficacy ?
Suggest there are four factors that affect the level of self-efficacy
- used to improve self-esteem + improve performance
1) PERFORMANCE ACCOMPLISHMENTS
2) VICARIOUS EXPERIENCES
3) VERBAL PERSUASION
4) EMOTIONAL AROUSAL
What does Passive others include ?
PASSIVE OTHERS - do not interact with performer
1) Audience - those who just watch the event e.g. tv audience or scout
2) Co-actors - those doing the same task but not competing against you (make you faster)
How can WARM-UP manage Stress ?
- control arousal + achieve state of readiness
- fully focus using selective attention
What is the DRIVE THEORY of arousal ?
It suggest as arousal increases, performance also increases
- P = f(DxH)
- unrealistic because at high arousal as performer uses dominant response and if cognitive performer than low performance due to incorrect response
GRAPH - straight line
What is the Interactionist Perspective ?
It combines trait and social to predict behaviour in a specific situations
- Lewin - personality according to the situation
- B = f(PxE)
- Behaviour is a function of the product of trait personality and the environment
How PROGRESSIVE MUSCLE RELAXATION can manage Stress ?
- concentrating on each muscle group in turn
- tensing, holding and then relaxing each group - begin to relax
What is the SOCIAL LEANING theory of aggression ?
It suggest aggression is leaned by watching + copying the behaviour of significant others
- if aggression act is reinforced/successful, it is more likely to be copied
- socialisation also caused aggression acts
- theory doesn’t consider genetic explanations (no trait)
What is Attitude ?
is an individual believes, how they feel and how they act towards an attitude object
- includes people, places, situations and items
- can be changed but is difficult as attitude are not permanent
