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A-level Physical Education Year 2 > Sport Psychology > Flashcards

Sport Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

If a performer is an Expert, Will their Dominant Response be correct ?

A

Their Dominant Response will likely to be performed correctly

  • have over-learned motor programme stored in LTM
  • performer will facilitate under pressure
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2
Q

What are the causes of Aggression ?

A
  • playing badly
  • feeling the team isn’t trying
  • disagree with official’s decision
  • provocation by opponent/crowd
  • importance of game
  • contact sport
  • naturally aggressive personality
  • social learning
  • over-arousal
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3
Q

How can you the Interactionist Perspective to improve performance ?

A
  • coach known innate personalities of performer can use to an advantage to suit situation
  • develop training situations so performer can be assessed how they change to situations
  • training programmes allow strategies fro real situations e.g. controlling aggression
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4
Q

What is the PERFORMING stage of the Tuckman’s model ?

A
  • players interact effectively
  • full commitment to achieve team goals
  • individual roles + responsibilities are completely understood
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5
Q

What are COGNITIVE strategies for stress management ?

A

1) PSYCHOLOGICAL SKILL TRAINING
2) MENTAL REHEARSAL
3) VISUALISATION
4) POSITIVE SELF-TALK
5) IMAGERY
6) NEGATIVE THOUGHT-STOPPING
7) ATTERNTIAL CONTROL + CUE UTILISATION

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6
Q

What is the SPECIFIC element of the SMARTER principle ?

A
  • must be clear and exact
  • reflect individual position/event
    e. g. rugby improve catches
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7
Q

How can CENTRING manage Stress ?

A
  • concentrating on breathing
  • useful during break in performances
  • as breath out, chant word how you wish to perform e.g. calm
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8
Q

What is Cognitive anxiety ?

A

is a psychological response to a threat

- symptoms include worrying, irrational thinking, confusion and learned helplessness

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9
Q

What is the STABILITY DIMENSION part of the Weiner’s model ?

A

STABILITY DIMENSION - how changeable/fixed reason for winning/losing are

1) stable - unlikely to change in short-term (relative permanent)
- e.g. ability or task difficulty
2) unstable - can be change in a short-term of time
- e.g. effort or luck

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10
Q

How can you use Physiological methods to measure anxiety ?

A
  • generate factual data on Physiological (Somatic) responses
  • POSITIVE = Factual so comparison can be made and use during training + competition
  • NEGATIVE = expensive, trained coaches needed and restricted movement
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11
Q

How can COACHES control aggression ?

A
  • praise non-aggressive acts
  • highlight non-aggressive role models
  • punish aggression
  • peer pressure that aggression is unacceptable
  • set process +performances goals instead of product goals
  • ensure own behaviour isn’t aggressive
  • give player responsibility within the team + understand their specific role
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12
Q

What is Somatic anxiety ?

A

is a physiological response to a threat

- symptoms include heart rate, blood pressure, swear levels and muscle tension increasing

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13
Q

What is the Social Leaning part of the Formation of Attitude ?

A
  • involves imitating the attitudes from significant others e.g. peers, friends, teaches etc.
  • have similar attitudes to similar sports - copy and reinforced
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14
Q

What is SOCIAL FACILITATION ?

A

Is the positive effect of presence of others on performance

- enjoy performing with audience -> improve their performance - motivation

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15
Q

What is VERBAL PERSUASION ?

A
  • give praise + positive reinforcement

- significant others should provide this

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16
Q

What is EMOTIONAL AROUSAL ?

A
  • show hoe to cope with and control arousal levels
  • remove performers perceives of unable to do it
  • somatic + cognitive strategies
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17
Q

What are tangible and intangible rewards ?

A

TANGIBLE - rewards than can be touched or held

INTANGIBLE - non-physical rewards

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18
Q

What is STRESS ?

A

a negative response of the body to a threat causing anxiety

- distress - performance is inhibited

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19
Q

What is the INTERNAL-EXTERNAL dimension of attentional focus ?

A

Is concerned with where the focus is being placed

  • INTERNAL - is thought + feelings of the performer
  • EXTERNAL - is on the environmental cues
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20
Q

What is Achievement Goal theory ?

A

Suggest that every performer will have their own perception of what achievement means to them and what successful looks like

1) Outcome-orientated goals - set with specific aim to beat and show superiority over others
2) Task-orientated goals - aims to master a skill and improve own performance
- more important for motivation + confidence

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21
Q

What are the Key Strategies to combat inhibition ?

A
  • familiarisation training
  • increase self-efficacy
  • practice skills until they are grooved
  • use selective attention to improve focus/concentration
    COGNITIVE strategies :
  • mental rehearsal
  • imagery
  • positive self-task
  • negative thought-stopping
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22
Q

What is the ATTRIBUTION THEORY ?

A

” A perception of the reason for an outcome of an event”

- In sport content, performers use attribution theory to offer reasoning for winning, losing and playing good/bad

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23
Q

What is the Past experiences part of the Formation of Attitude ?

A
  • winning will develop positive attitude and develop high perception in own ability
  • losing will develop negative attitude and lower self-confidence
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24
Q

How BIOFEEDBACK can manage Stress ?

A
  • use equipment to generate physiological data
  • identify what causes most stress
  • time consuming + increase anxiety-awareness
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25
Q

What is the TIME element of the SMARTER principle ?

A
  • set period - progress checked + maintain motivation

e. g. pb by the end of the month

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26
Q

How does Peak flow experience to a performer ?

A

Peak flow happens to a performer when they :
- are presented with a level pf challenge that matches their skill ability
- have a clear goal
- have the correct attentional style
- have a positive attitude
- have control of their arousal levels
It is vert difficult to achieve peak flow because task can’t be too hard to too easy

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27
Q

What does Interactive others include ?

A

INTERACTIVE OTHERS - does interact with performer - communicate directly with performer

1) Competitors - opponents, those directly in competition
2) Social Reinforcers - give direct influence on event e.g. crowd and coach

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28
Q

What is the AGGRESSIVE CUE HYPOTHESIS theory of aggression ?

A

It suggest when goal blocked, their arousal levels increase and experience frustration. This leads to being READY for aggression act (not inevitable)

  • updated frustration-aggression hypothesis
  • only happens if learned cue/triggers are present e.g. coach praising anger tackle
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29
Q

What is the BROAD-NARROW dimension of attentional focus ?

A

Is concerned with how many cues are being focused on

  • BROAD - many cues
  • NARROW - one/two cues
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30
Q

What are the four types of goals ?

A

1) TASK-ORIENTATED goals
2) PROCESS goals
3) PERFORMANCE goals
4) OUTCOME goals

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31
Q

How can PSYCHOLOGICAL SKILL TRAINING manage Stress ?

A
  • individualised programme to utilises a range of mental training strategies
  • tailor made - specific sport
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32
Q

What is PERFORMANCE ACCOMPLISHMENTS ?

A
  • affected by past experiences

- coach remind the performer of past success in similar situation

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33
Q

What is TASK COHESION ?

A

Is when group members work in unity to meet a common aim

  • no socialise away from team but come together
  • interactive sport e.g. volley-ball (rely on each others timing + co-ordination to achieve)
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34
Q

What is the Media part of the Formation of Attitude ?

A
  • involves role models display positive attitude so likely to adopt their positive attitudes towards being active
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35
Q

How can ATTENTIONAL CONTROL + CUE UTILISATION manage Stress ?

A

CUE UTILISATION - ability to take in cues from environment with their level of arousal
- need to be at moderate levels of arousal (not too little or too large)

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36
Q

What is Steiner’s Model off group performance ?

A

Actual Productivity = Potential Productivity - Fault Processes
- result = best possible outcome - things going wrong

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37
Q

What are the causes of Anxiety ?

A
  • task importance
  • losing/fear of failure
  • being fouled
  • perceived inaccuracy of official’s decision
  • injury/fear of being injured
  • audience effect e.g. abusive crowd
  • evaluation apprehension
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38
Q

What is Group Formation ?

A

A group is two or more people who :

  • interact with each other
  • share a common goal
  • have mutual awareness
  • have a collective identity
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39
Q

What is INTRINSIC motivation ?

A

Motivation which comes from within the performer

  • participate for love of the sport, for self-satisfaction and pride of achieving their own goals e.g. completing marathon
  • this type of motivation will maintain participation for longer periods than extrinsic motivation
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40
Q

What is PERFORMANCE goals ?

A
  • set against yourself to improve performance from last time
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41
Q

What is Hanin’s Zone of optimum functioning ?

A

It suggest optimum performance reaches during a zone, not a single point ( experience once in entire sporting career)
Characteristics of the zone include :
- performing at optimum arousal levels
- feeling completely calm
- complete attentional control
- performing on ‘autopilot’
- completely confident - inevitable success
- performing smoothly, efficiently and effortlessly

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42
Q

What is PERSUASIVE COMMUNICATION ?

A

It suggest significant others can encourage you to change mind
- very difficult as ultimately the individual must want to change

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43
Q

What is the NORMING stage of the Tuckman’s model ?

A
  • conflict resolved - goals clarified
  • greater commitment + appreciation of team strengths
  • GROUP COHESION developed
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44
Q

What are the strategies to maintain Motivation ?

A
  • tangible + intangible rewards
  • make activity fun/enjoyable
  • set easily achievable goals - success
  • role models
  • highlight fitness + health benefits
  • use variable practice
  • generate intrinsic motivation through performance goals
  • continually set new, challenging goals
  • punish lack of motivation
  • use peer group pressure
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45
Q

What is STATE SPORT CONFIDENCE ?

A

SC-STATE - a belief in to master a specific sporting situation
- based on past experience

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46
Q

What is SOCIAL LOAFING ?

A

“performer lowers levels of effect that contribute to team because they believe they are not a valued member and input is not noticed”

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47
Q

What is Weiner’s Model of the attribution theory ?

A 
Suggest that four key attributions lie on two dimensions :
LOCUS OF CAUSALITY 
- internal 
- external 
STABILITY DIMENSION
- stable 
- unstable
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48
Q

What is a NACH performer and what are there personality characteristics ?

A

NEED TO ACHIEVE

  • approach behaviour
  • high confidence
  • enjoy challenge
  • will take risks
  • attitudes success internally
  • not afraid to fail
  • welcome feedback
  • take responsibility
  • likes audience
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49
Q

What are the responses to Stressors ?

A

1) Somatic responses are PHYSIOLOGICAL
- e.g. heart rate, blood pressure, sweating levels, muscle tension + adrenaline production increase
2) Cognitive responses are PSYCHOLOGICAL
- e.g. anxiety, irrational thinking, reduced concentration and poor decision making

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50
Q

What is the STORMING stage of the Tuckman’s model ?

A
  • many teams fail due to conflict
  • relationships strained
  • competition for roles - goal unclear
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51
Q

What is EXTRINSIC motivation ?

A

Motivation which comes from an outside source

  • it could be tangible e.g. money, trophies or medals, or intangible e.g. praise from coach or crowd
  • attracts performers at first so useful method for cognitive performers -confidence
  • young athletes can rely on extrinsic rewards to participate - lead to drop in participation levels
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52
Q

What are the two types of motivation ?

A

1) INTRINSIC motivation

2) EXTRINSIC motivation

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53
Q

What is GROUP COHESION ?

A

The desire of group members to achieve their goals

  • have unity + structure + share aims
    1) TASK cohesion
    2) SOCIAL cohesion
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54
Q

What is involved in the Formation of Attitude ?

A
  • can be positive or negative and developed through experiences rather than innate
  • begin to form at an early age
    1) Past experiences
    2) Socialisation
    3) Social Leaning
    4) Media
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55
Q

How can VISUALISATION manage Stress ?

A
  • perform skill successfully in training and lock in the mental image of it
  • relived in competitive situations
  • internal or external
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56
Q

What are BENEFITS of goal setting ?

A
  • increase confidence levels
  • increase motivation
  • give performer an aim or focus
  • reduce anxiety/arousal levels
  • focus attention - improve selective attention
  • prevent learning plateau
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57
Q

What is PROCESS goals ?

A
  • short-term to improve technique
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58
Q

How does Somatic and Cognitive anxiety link ?

A

Somatic and Cognitive anxiety often occur together in sport

  • Somatic is like the “inverted-u theory affect”
  • Cognitive has a linear negative affect
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59
Q

What is Lewin’s Interactionist Perspective

A
  • Lewin - personality according to the situation
  • B = f(PxE)
  • Behaviour is a function of the product of trait personality and the environment
60
Q

What is the Dominant Response ?

A

Is a well-learned skill that the performer will use when under competitive pressure

  • at heightened levels of arousal, performers revet back to their dominant response
  • strong link between drive theory + Zajonc’s model
61
Q

What is Personality ?

A

it comprises the unique, psychological, temperamental features of an individual
- Personality causes the ‘nature vs nurture’ debate

62
Q

What is the Trait Perspective ?

A

It suggest performer is born with personality - genetically determined (consistent behaviour)

  • Characteristics shown in all situations so personality and behaviour are predictable
  • coaches are able to design training to suit the performer
63
Q

What is Anxiety ?

A

is a level of nerves and irrational thinking

  • caused by performer’d perception that their ability isn’t good enough
  • negatively affect performance
64
Q

How can BREATHING CONTROL manage Stress ?

A
  • controlling + concentrating on the rate + depth of breathing
  • become less distracted + focus on task
65
Q

What is Social learning Perspective ?

A

It suggest performers learns their personality and behaviour from experiences

  • copied and reinforced from significant others e.g. role models, parents, peers through socialisation
  • changes according to different situations so behaviour can not be predicted
  • more likely to cope someone with similar age, gender or characteristics e.g. ability
66
Q

What is Home-Field Advantage ?

A 
Suggest perform better at home as their are large numbers of supports + familiar with venue 
POSITiVE EFFECT 
- improve social facilitation 
- lower anxiety + boost self-efficacy 
- play more attacking style/tactics 
- visiting team - over-arousal + social inhibition 
NEGATIVE EFFECT
- increase pressure from hoe crowd
- social inhibition for home team 
- more important - choke
67
Q

What is Competitive Trait anxiety ?

A

is the disposition to suffer from nervousness in most sporting situations
- natural tendency - regardless the importance or possibility of winning

68
Q

What are the four theories of aggression ?

A

1) INSTINCT theory
2) FRUSTRATION-AGGRESSION HYPOTHESIS theory
3) AGGRESSIVE CUE HYPOTHESIS theory
4) SOCIAL LEANING theory

69
Q

What is SOCIAL COHESION ?

A

Is when group members get along and feel attached to others

  • communicate + support each other in + out the sporting arena
  • co-active sport e.g. David cup
70
Q

What is Carron’s Antecedents on group cohesion ?

A

Suggest that there are four factors that affect task/social cohesion. These factors can bring a team together + more effective, stable and satisfied - PELT

1) PERSONAL - level of motivation + how satisfied within team
2) ENVIRONMENTAL - contract or scholarship, their location, age and size of the group
3) LEADERSHIP - leadership style and relationship between players and coach
4) TEAM - stability of group, common experiences in victory + defeat

71
Q

What is SELF-SERVING BIAS ?

A

“using external or/and unstable reasons for losing”

  • correct use of attribution - increase self esteem + keep motivated
  • attribute success on stable internal factors e.g. ability
  • attribute failure on unstable/stable external factors e.g. luck or task difficulty or effort
  • help avoid LEARNED HELPLESSNESS
72
Q

What is the ACHIEVABLE element of the SMARTER principle ?

A
  • must be able to achieve within time frame

e. g. reduce 400m time by 2 seconds

73
Q

How can POSITIVE SELF-TALK manage Stress ?

A
  • verbally reminding yourself the key point and you can achieve it
74
Q

What could the coach do to combat inhibition ?

A
  • decrease the importance of the task
  • offer encouragement, praise reinforcement and praise to the performer
  • slowly introduce evaluation in training
75
Q

What is Arousal ?

A

is the level so somatic + cognitive stimulations that get us ready to perform
- motivated + being at optical of arousal is important in sport

76
Q

What is ATTRIBUTION RETRAINING ?

A

“changing the reasons given for success or failure”

  • overcome learned helplessness
  • change the perception and belief in sports person be changing reasons for failure
  • internal/stable -> external/unstable factors
77
Q

What is Nideffer’s Model of ATTENTIONAL FOCUS ?

A

suggest different sports require different types of attentional focus

  • will reduce stress
  • there are two dimensions of attentional focus
    1) BROAD-NARROW
    2) INTERNAL-EXTERNAL
78
Q

What is Aggression and what is Assertion ?

A

AGGRESSION - is intent to harm outside the rules, hostile behaviour
ASSERTION - well-motivated behaviour within the rules
- no intention to harm the opponent

79
Q

What is Tuckman’s model of Group Formation ?

A

Suggest there are four stages that group go through in order to begin to work together effectively
- time it takes vary’s depending on experience and size of group
FORMING
STORMING
NORMING
PERFORMING

80
Q

How can you use Questionnaires to measure anxiety ?

A
  • Marten’s SCAT - sport competition anxiety test - answer statements
  • help coaches evaluate performer’s anxiety levels
  • STAI - state-trait anxiety inventory
  • CSAI-2 - competitive state anxiety inventory 2
  • POSITIVE = cheap + efficient
  • NEGATIVE = answer truthfully, not understood or environmental factors affect answers
81
Q

What is the LOCUS OF CAUSALITY part of the Weiner’s model ?

A

LOCUS OF CAUSALITY - amount of control over outcome of events

1) internal - within the performer’s control
- e.g. ability or effort
2) external - outside the performer’s control
- e.g. task difficulty or luck (referee decision)

82
Q

What are the three Personality perspectives ?

A

1) Trait Perspective
2) Social Learning Perspective
3) Interactionist Perspective

83
Q

What are the three theories of level of arousal ?

A

1) DRIVE THEORY
2) INVERTED-U THEORY
3) CATASTROPHE THEORY

84
Q

What is the EVALUATE element of the SMARTER principle ?

A
  • whether goal was achieved
  • reasons for progress made (positive or negative)
  • help set further goals
85
Q

How can you use Questionnaires to measure anxiety ?

A
  • Marten’s SCAT - sport competition anxiety test - answer statements
  • help coaches evaluate performer’s anxiety levels
  • STAI - state-trait anxiety inventory
  • CSAI-2 - competitive state anxiety inventory 2
  • POSITIVE = cheap + efficient
  • NEGATIVE = answer truthfully, not understood or environmental factors affect answers
86
Q

What are situational characteristics of a NAF performer ?

A

VERY COMPETITIVE

  • task with high incentive value (proud)
  • task with low probability of success (challenging)
87
Q

What is SOCIAL INHIBITION ?

A

Is the negative effect of presence of others on performance

- dislike performing with audience -> worsens their performance - pressure

88
Q

What’s involved in the TRIADIC MODEL of Attitude ?

A
  • suggest attitude is made up of three components
    1) COGNITIVE - beliefs + thoughts
    e. g. i think that going to the gym is a waste of time
    2) AFFECTIVE - emotions + feelings
    e. g. I hate going to the gym
    3) BEHAIOURAL - actions + responses
    e. g. I don’t go to the gym
  • attitude isn’t consistent as components can be a mixture of positive and negative attitude
89
Q

What is Competitive State anxiety ?

A

is the nervous response to a specific sporting situation

  • high pressure moments
  • can be caused my negative past experiences e.g. penalty
  • performer who has high trait anxiety will experience state anxiety
90
Q

What is Self-efficacy ?

A

the amount of confidence you have in a specific task, sport or situation

  • a belief in the ability to master a specific sporting situation
  • is specific rather than general
91
Q

What is Achievement Motivation ?

A

the tendency to approach or avoid competitive situations. Summed up as the drive to succeed minus the fear of failure
- based on personality + situational factors

92
Q

How does the audience effect the performer ?

A

The main effect on the performer is that they will experience increased arousal but have varied effect depending on skill classification and performer’s level of experience

93
Q

What is a NAF performer and what are there personality characteristics ?

A

NEED TO AVIOD FAILURE

  • avoidance behaviour
  • low confidence
  • dislike challenge
  • will take easy option
  • attitudes failure internally
  • gives in easily
  • not welcome feedback
  • learned helplessness
  • does not likes audience
94
Q

What is TRAIT SPORT CONFIDENCE ?

A

SC-TRAIT - a belief in the ability to do well in a range of sports
- innate/natural

95
Q

What is the CATASTROPHE THEORY of arousal ?

A

It suggest as arousal increases, performance also increases up till an optimal level of arousal but a sudden drop after optimal point
- considers both somatic + cognitive anxiety - high anxiety causes sudden drop
- effect can be reversed by using relaxation techniques
GRAPH - parabola then sudden drop down

96
Q

What are the Factors which cause Social loafing ?

A
  • no clear role within group
  • low self-efficacy + confidence
  • team mates not trying
  • coach poor leader - weak strategies
  • no encouragement
  • high level of trait/state anxiety
  • carrying an injury
  • experience social inhibition
97
Q

How can IMAGERY manage Stress ?

A
  • recalling a successful previous experience

- using all senses to recreate the feeling of success

98
Q

What is the REALISTIC element of the SMARTER principle ?

A
  • within the performers reach from where they are now
  • ensure sustained effort + motivation
    e. g. running sub 55 10km in 12 months
99
Q

Performance will be facilitated if the performer is ?

A
  • Expert performer
  • Simple skill - limited decision making
  • Gross skill - don’t need precision/accuracy
100
Q

What are strategies to develop high levels of self-efficacy ?

A
  • point out previous success
  • praise +encouragement
  • observe others - peers
  • somatic + cognitive strategies - control arousal/anxiety
  • allow success in training
  • attitude success internally
  • set achievable goals
101
Q

What is the Principle effective goal setting ?

A

When setting goals, the SMARTER principle should be followed

102
Q

What is VICARIOUS EXPERIENCES ?

A
  • performer with similar characteristics to show the task is possible
  • increase self-efficacy
103
Q

What is the RINGELMANN EFFECT ?

A

“as the size of the group increases, individual performance decreases”

  • suggested after tug-a-war experiment
  • reduction in motivation
104
Q

What are the Factors causing Evaluation Apprehension :

A

Factors causing Evaluation Apprehension :

  • audience is knowledge e.g. scout
  • significant others watching e.g. family
  • audience is abusive/supportive
  • performer have low self-efficacy (don’t believe in ability)
105
Q

What is the Socialisation part of the Formation of Attitude ?

A
  • “How individual wishes to fit in with the cultural norms around them”
  • adopt the same feeling towards sport from family + friends - differ you’re attitude
106
Q

What is COMPETITIVE ORIENTATION ?

A

is the degree to which a performer is drawn to challenging situations + type of goal they have set themselves
- amount of competitiveness

107
Q

What is TASK-ORIENTATED goals ?

A
  • master skill or improve own performance

- process more important than outcome

108
Q

What are SOMATIC strategies for stress management ?

A

1) BIOFEEDBACK
2) PROGRESSIVE MUSCLE RELAXATION
3) BREATHING CONTROL
4) CENTRING
5) WARM-UP

109
Q

What is EVALUATION APPREHENSION ?

A

“the fear of being judged”

- could have perceive that audience is judging but not actually judging the performer

110
Q

If a performer is an Novice, Will their Dominant Response be correct ?

A

Their Dominant Response will likely to be performed incorrectly

  • have not yet grooved their response
  • performer will inhibit under pressure
111
Q

How can NEGATIVE THOUGHT-STOPPING manage Stress ?

A
  • replace with positive thinking

- used with other cognitive strategies

112
Q

What is OUTCOME goals ?

A
  • long term goals after extensive work

- set against others - based on outcome

113
Q

What are examples of FAULTY PROCESSES ?

A
  • co-ordination problems
  • motivation losses - withdrawing effort
  • no understanding of roles in teams
  • lack of understanding of tactics + strategies
  • RINGELMANN EFFECT
  • SOCIAL LOAFING
114
Q

What is the FRUSTRATION-AGGRESSION HYPOTHESIS theory of aggression ?

A

It suggest frustration from our goal being blocked can led to aggression response
- if no cathartic effect happens then aggression will build up inside performer
DRAWBACKS :
- doesn’t consider when frustration and aggression when goal hasn’t been blocked
- have goal blocked and experience frustration but no aggression

115
Q

Performance will be inhibited if the performer is ?

A
  • Novice performer
  • Complex skill - serval decision making
  • Fine skill - need precision/accuracy
116
Q

What is Hollander’s Interactionist Perspective ?

A
  • Hollander - personality has three aspects ; Core, typical responses and role-related behaviour
    1) CORE - is you + your beliefs and values which is stable
    2) TYPICAL RESPONSE - how performer usually responds
    3) ROLE-RELATED BEHAVIOUR - how performer responds to specific environment - unstable
117
Q

What are Strategies to improve team performance ?

A
  • highlight individual performance
  • give specific roles + responsibilities
  • developing social cohesion
  • praise + award cohesive behaviour
  • raise performer confidence
  • encourage group identify
  • ensure effective leadership
  • punish social loafing
  • select players who work together will
118
Q

What is Peak flow experience ?

A

It describes the “ultimate positive psychological state for a performer”

  • It is very rare + intense
  • fully concentrated on the task + absolute control over their actions
119
Q

What is Motivation ?

A

is a person’s drive to succeed

- inspire them to perform in sport

120
Q

How to measure Anxiety ?

A

1) Questionnaires
2) Observations
3) Physiological methods

121
Q

What causes Stress ?

A

STRESSORS - the cause of stressful responses

  • important match
  • sustaining an injury
  • being fouled/injured
  • perception playing bad/letting team down
  • fatigue
122
Q

What are situational characteristics of a NACH performer ?

A

NOT COMPETITIVE

  • task with low incentive value (little satisfaction)
  • task with low probability of success (easy)
123
Q

What is LEARNED HELPLESSNESS ?

A

“using internal stable reasons for losing” e.g. ability

  • lack in confidence - perceive failure is INEVITABLE and success is unlikely
  • cause avoidance behaviour + reduce task persistence + lack effort
  • can be general + specific
124
Q

What is EUSTRESS ?

A

the positive response of the body to threat

- performance is facilitated

125
Q

How can PLAYERS control aggression ?

A 
COGNITIVE TECHNIQUES 
- mental rehearsal 
- imagery
- visualisation 
- selective attention 
- negative thought stopping 
-positive self-talk
SOMATIC TECHNIQUES 
- relaxation techniques 
- deep breathing 
- biofeedback 
- count to ten
- walk away 
- mantra
126
Q

What are the four types of anxiety ?

A

1) Somatic anxiety
2) Cognitive anxiety
3) Competitive Trait anxiety
4) Competitive State anxiety

127
Q

What is Zajonc’s model on the types of ‘others’ present during performance ?

A

Suggest there are four types of ‘others’ present during performance

1) PASSIVE OTHERS
2) INTERACTIVE OTHERS

128
Q

What is the RE-DO element of the SMARTER principle ?

A
  • repeat efforts for any goals not met yet

- following evaluation, adjust goals to ensure success

129
Q

How can MENTAL REHEARSAL manage Stress ?

A
  • going over performance in head without movement

- before task begins

130
Q

What is the FORMING stage of the Tuckman’s model ?

A
  • initially get together (see if they fit in)
  • roles + responsibilities are unclear
  • members start to work together
131
Q

How to develop NACH/approach behaviour ?

A
  • ensure success (goals)
  • raise confidence - reinforcement + praise
  • attitude success internally
  • highlight successful role models
132
Q

What is the INVERTED-U THEORY of arousal ?

A

It suggest as arousal increases, performance also increases up till an optimal level of arousal
- under and over arousal can both be detrimental to performance
GRAPH - parabola

133
Q

What is Vealey’s model of sports Confidence ?

A

Suggest a performer with undertake a task with a certain amount of :

1) TRAIT SPORT CONFIDENCE
2) STATE SPORT CONFIDENCE
3) COMPETITIVE ORIENTATION
- produce the response + consider subjective outcome
- positive result = increase confidence - approach behaviour
- negative result = decrease confidence - avoidance behaviour

134
Q

What are the strategies to change negative attitude?

A
  • ensure positive, successful experiences
  • praising positive attitude/behaviour
  • punish negative attitudes/behaviour e.g. ban
  • positive role models to highlight attitude
  • PERSUASIVE COMMUNICATION
  • COGNITIVE DISSONANCE
135
Q

What is COGNITIVE DISSONANCE ?

A

Is caused by generating unease inside the individual by changing a negative component to positive

  • if all components match then performer is in state of cognitive consonance
  • start to question attitude and change it to positive
136
Q

What is Atkinson’s Model of Achievement Motivation ?

A

He suggest that in demanding situations performers will exhibit either NACH or NAF characteristics
- based on personality + situational factors

137
Q

What are the strategies for coach to avoid learned helplessness ?

A
  • provide motivation via reinforcement + encouragement
  • set realistic/achievable goals
  • raise self-efficacy by using Bandura’s model
  • highlight previous successful performances
  • ATTRIBUTION RETRAINING
138
Q

What is the INSTINCT theory of aggression ?

A

It suggest aggressive response is innate - genetically determined
- believes that inevitably aggression builds up within us
- provoked enough - release of aggression
DRAWBACKS :
- not consider the environment/social learning
- experience increased aggression in sport competition
- not everyone is aggressive

139
Q

What is the MEASURABLE element of the SMARTER principle ?

A
  • must be quantifiable so process can be assessed

e. g. netball 80% success rate

140
Q

What is Bandura’s model of Self-efficacy ?

A

Suggest there are four factors that affect the level of self-efficacy

  • used to improve self-esteem + improve performance
    1) PERFORMANCE ACCOMPLISHMENTS
    2) VICARIOUS EXPERIENCES
    3) VERBAL PERSUASION
    4) EMOTIONAL AROUSAL
141
Q

What does Passive others include ?

A

PASSIVE OTHERS - do not interact with performer

1) Audience - those who just watch the event e.g. tv audience or scout
2) Co-actors - those doing the same task but not competing against you (make you faster)

142
Q

How can WARM-UP manage Stress ?

A
  • control arousal + achieve state of readiness

- fully focus using selective attention

143
Q

What is the DRIVE THEORY of arousal ?

A

It suggest as arousal increases, performance also increases
- P = f(DxH)
- unrealistic because at high arousal as performer uses dominant response and if cognitive performer than low performance due to incorrect response
GRAPH - straight line

144
Q

What is the Interactionist Perspective ?

A

It combines trait and social to predict behaviour in a specific situations

  • Lewin - personality according to the situation
  • B = f(PxE)
  • Behaviour is a function of the product of trait personality and the environment
145
Q

How PROGRESSIVE MUSCLE RELAXATION can manage Stress ?

A
  • concentrating on each muscle group in turn

- tensing, holding and then relaxing each group - begin to relax

146
Q

What is the SOCIAL LEANING theory of aggression ?

A

It suggest aggression is leaned by watching + copying the behaviour of significant others

  • if aggression act is reinforced/successful, it is more likely to be copied
  • socialisation also caused aggression acts
  • theory doesn’t consider genetic explanations (no trait)
147
Q

What is Attitude ?

A

is an individual believes, how they feel and how they act towards an attitude object

  • includes people, places, situations and items
  • can be changed but is difficult as attitude are not permanent

A-level Physical Education Year 2 (4 decks)

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