Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A-level Physical Education Year 2 > Bio-mechanical Movement > Flashcards

Bio-mechanical Movement Flashcards

1
Q

What is SURFACE DRAG ?

A

Relates to friction between the surface of object and fluid environment

  • known as skin drag
  • wear specialised/smooth clothing to reduce surface drag
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How to interpret the force-time graphs ?

A

the area under the graph represents the impulse (change in momentum)

1) START of race (100m)
- net impulse is positive = accelerate
2) MIDDLE of race (100m)
- net impulse is zero = constant velocity
3) End of race (100m)
- net impulse is negative = de-accelerate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is ANGULAR MOTION ?

A

is the movement around a fixed point

  • rotation around one of the axis e.g. somersault
  • force applied outside the centre of mass - eccentric force
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the factors that affect Friction ?

A

1) Surface characteristics of two bodies in contact
- e.g. spikes minimise friction
2) Temperature of two surfaces in contact
- e.g. curling - hooter reduces friction
3) Mass of object sliding
- e.g. larger mass means larger friction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the FIRST CLASS LEVER ?

A

Effort -> Fulcrum -> Resistance

- e.g. elbow extension (or neck)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How does “Height of release” affect the horizontal displacement of a projectile ?

A

The GREATER the height of release, the GREATER the horizontal displacement
- e.g. shot put release at greatest height as weight force is constant acting on ball

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are Positive and Negative for the Second class lever ?

A

POSTIVE
- generate much larger forces in short distance
NEGATIVE
- limited range of movement + move slowly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How does the “Mass of the Performer” affect stability ?

A

The GREATER the mass, the MORE stability there is

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is HORIZONTAL DISPLACEMENT ?

A

is the shortest distance from the starting position to the finishing position in a line parallel to the ground

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How is CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM achieved ?

A

Momentum is conserved always - stays constant unless acted upon by force

  • Example is when no friction - ice skater
  • ice skater wants to speed up spin by manipulate their moment of inertia
    1) start of spin = arms + legs out to increase moment of inertia so velocity is low
    2) arms + legs in line with axis of rotation so moment of inertia decreases so angular velocity increases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the Centre of Mass ?

A

Is the point of balance of a body

- will change depending on position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is VELOCITY ?

A

the rate of change of displacement

  • UNITS = ms^-1
  • V = Δs/Δt
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is Air Resistance and How does Air Resistance affect the performer ?

A

Air Resistance is the force acting in opposite direction to motion of a body travelling through the air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is MECHANICAL DISADVANTAGE ?

A

Is when the resistance arm is longer than the effort arm

- EA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE ?

A

Is when the effort arm is longer than the resistance arm

- EA>RA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the ANGLE OF ATTACK ?

A

Is the tilt of a projectile relative to the air flow

  • it changes the flow of air around the object
  • if too great - lift is reduced + drag increased
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is MOMENTUM ?

A

the product of the mass and the velocity of the object

  • UNITS = kgms^-1
  • p = mv
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is FORM DRAG ?

A

Relates to impact of fluid environment on an object

  • known as shape drag
  • force affecting the leading edge of object increases form drag - STREAMLINING
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is a reaction force ?

A

This occurs when two bodies in contact with one another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the factors that affect Air Resistance ?

A

1) Velocity of moving object
- e.g. faster means larger resistance
2) Cross-sectional area of moving object
- e.g. larger S.A means larger resistance
3) Shape + surface characteristics of moving body
- e.g. streamlined shapes reduce resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How does the “Cross-sectional area of moving object” affect drag ?

A

The LARGER S.A, the LARGER the drag force

- e.g. cyclist crouching to reduce effect of drag

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is Fluid Mechanics ?

A

Is the study of fluids + how forces affect them

- Dynamic fluid concerns the movement of liquids + gases - experience drag and lift force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are Positive and Negative for the First/Third class lever ?

A

POSTIVE
- larger range of movement + move quickly
NEGATIVE
- can’t apply much force to move an object

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the Law of REACTION ?

A

States to every force there is an equal and opposite reaction force
- e.g. sprint start on the blocks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is a VECTOR ?

A

Is Measurements of SIZE and DIRECTION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are Newton’s Laws of Linear Motion ?

A

1) Law of INERTIA
2) Law of ACCELERATION
3) Law of REACTION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the Vector Components of Parabolic flight ?

A

HORIZONTAL COMPONENT - the horizontal motion of an object
VERTICAL COMPONENT - the vertical motion of an object
- start of flight - resultant force up
- end of flight - resultant force down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the factors which affect drag ?

A

1) Velocity of moving object
2) Cross-sectional area of moving object
3) Shape + Surface characteristics of moving body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is LIFT FORCE ?

A

It causes a body to move perpendicular to direction of travel

  • e.g. Discus thrown experiences an upward lift force
  • stay in air for longer - increase horizontal displacement
30
Q

What is the SECOND CLASS LEVER ?

A

Fulcrum -> Resistance -> Effort

- e.g. flexion at the ankle

31
Q

What is STREAMLINING ?

A

Involves shaping a body so it can move effectively + quickly through a fluid
- e.g. swimmer making body shape thin or cyclist drafting by close behind front cyclist

32
Q

What is SPEED ?

A

the body’s rate of change of position

  • UNITS = ms^-1
  • S = d/t
33
Q

What are the factors which affect stability ?

A

1) Height of the centre of mass
2) Position of line of gravity
3) Area of base of Support
4) Mass of the Performer

34
Q

What is DISPLACEMENT ?

A

the shortest distance in a straight line between the start and finish position
- UNITS = m

35
Q

How does the Bernoulli’s Principle affect the lift force of a Discus ?

A

When the angle of attack of a discus is between 25-40 degrees

  • air over top travels longer distance
  • so air molecules above travel at a faster velocity
  • causing lower pressure than below
  • causing a lift force upwards
  • result in greater horizontal distance
36
Q

How does the “Height of the centre of mass” affect stability ?

A

The LOWER the height of centre of mass will INCREASE stability

37
Q

What is Weight and How does Weight/Gravity affect the performer ?

A

Weight is the product of the mass and the acceleration the object

  • force pulling body towards centre of earth
  • greater mass means greater force
38
Q

What is the Law of INERTIA ?

A

States a body will remain at rest or at a constant velocity unless acted on by an external force
- e.g. high jump changing state of motion

39
Q

How does “Speed of release” affect the horizontal displacement of a projectile ?

A

The GREATER the velocity of projectile, the GREATER the horizontal displacement

40
Q

How does “Angle of release” affect the horizontal displacement of a projectile ?

A

This ensures the object travels as far as possible

  • optimum angle of release is dependent upon the release height + landing height
    1) release height = landing height means optimum angle of release is 45
  • e.g. long jump
    2) release height < landing height means optimum angle of release is greater than 45
  • e.g. basketball
    3) release height > landing height optimum angle of release is less than 45
  • e.g. shot put
41
Q

What are the factors which affect the horizontal displacement of a projectile ?

A

1) Angle of release
2) Speed of release
3) Height of release

42
Q

What is MASS ?

A

the quality of matter a body possesses

- UNITS = kg

43
Q

What is Linear Motion ?

A

The motion in a straight line or curved line, with all body parts moving the same distance at the same speed in the same direction
e.g. 100/200m

44
Q

What is the MOMENT OF INERTIA ?

A

INERTIA is a resistance to change in motion so MOMENT OF INERTIA is the resistance of a body to angular motion

  • depends on mass + distribution of mass around the axis
  • greater mass = greater resistance to change = greater moment of inertia
  • greater distance of distributed of mass from axis = Increase moment of inertia e.g. tucked position
45
Q

How does the “Area of base of Support” affect stability ?

A

If there is more contact points, the base will be LARGER so will be MORE stable

46
Q

What is Angular Momentum ?

A

Moment of inertia x angular velocity

  • both inversely proportional to each other
  • Angular Momentum means “spin”
47
Q

What is a PARABOLA ?

A

A curve with matching left and right hand sides

48
Q

What is Angular Acceleration ?

A

Is the rate of change of angular velocity

- UNITS = radians/s^2

49
Q

How does the “Velocity of moving object” affect drag ?

A

The GREATER the velocity through a fluid, the GREATER drag force
-e.g. racing cars

50
Q

What is Projectile motion ?

A

Is movement of object/human in the air

51
Q

What does a Lever consist of ?

A

1) FULCRUM - are the joints
2) EFFORT -provided by the muscles
3) RESISTANCE - weight being moved e.g. gravity
FRE-123

52
Q

What is IMPULSE ?

A

FORCE x TIME

  • impulse = change of momentum
  • increase momentum by increasing either muscular force applied or time for force applied
  • decrease momentum by increasing time so force applied is reduced - controlled landing + reduce chance of injury
53
Q

What is the Law of ACCELERATION ?

A

States the acceleration for a body is proportional the the force causing it and takes place in the same direction

  • F = MA
  • e.g. athlete at sprint start
54
Q

What is the THIRD CLASS LEVER ?

A

Fulcrum -> Effort -> Resistance

- e.g. whole body

55
Q

What is Drag ? And what are the two types ?

A

Is a force that acts in opposition to motion

  • effects velocity negatively
  • produced from friction + air resistance
    1) SURFACE DRAG
    2) FORM DRAG
56
Q

How Forces act upon a performer during Linear Motion ?

A
  • Vector so shown using arrows as magnitude
  • Net force = resultant force
  • if air resistance = friction then net result is zero
  • friction is longer means athlete with accelerate
57
Q

What is WEIGHT ?

A

the gravitational forces exerted on an object

- UNITS = N

58
Q

What is DISTANCE ?

A

the path a body takes as it moves from the starting position to the finishing position
- UNITS = m

59
Q

What is Angular Velocity ?

A

Is the rate of change of angular displacement

- UNITS = radians/s

60
Q

How does the “Position of line of gravity” affect stability ?

A

This should be central OVER the base of support to INCREASE stability

61
Q

What is ACCELERATION ?

A

the rate of change of velocity

  • UNITS = ms^-2
  • A = Δv/Δt
62
Q

How to apply Newton’s Laws to Angular motion ?

A

1) a rotating body will continue in it’s state of angular motion unless acted on by an external force - TORQUE - rotating force
- e.g. ice skater continue to spin in air till land
2) rate of change of angular momentum of body is proportional to the force causing it, in the same direction
- e.g. leaning forward on diving board
3) when a torque is applied by one body to another, the other body apply’s an equal but opposite torque
- e.g. hanging technique in long jump

63
Q

What is a SCALAR ?

A

Is Measurements of only SIZE/MAGNITUDE

64
Q

How does the Bernoulli’s Principle affect the lift force of a Cyclist/Sport cars ?

A

A lift force can work downwards - cause greater frictional force so greater grip
- shaped so angle of attack causes the air over top travels a shorter distance
- so air molecules above travel at a slower velocity
causing higher pressure than below
- maintain grip at high speed + around curves

65
Q

What is Bernoulli’s Principle ?

A

States where air molecules exert less pressure the faster they travel + more pressure when they travel slower
- angle of attack is very important

66
Q

What are the factors affecting flight path of different projectiles ?

A

1) Weight
2) Air Resistance
- whether is TRUE parabola or DISTORTED parabola
- larger weight force + small air resistance = true parabola e.g. shot put
- light wight force + greater air resistance = distorted parabola e.g. shuttlecock
- longer flight path, greater effect of air resistance

67
Q

What Forces act upon a performer during Linear Motion ?

A 
INTERNAL - is generated by the skeletal muscles 
EXTERNAL - comes from outside the body
- weight/gravity 
- reaction 
- Friction 
- Air Resistance
68
Q

What is Friction and How does Friction affect the performer ?

A

Friction occurs when two or more bodies are in contact with one another - acts in opposite to motion

  • there are two types ; static + sliding
    1) STATIC - occurs before an object starts to slide
    2) SLIDING - occurs when surfaces are moving relative to one another
69
Q

What is Angular Displacement ?

A

Is the smallest change in angle between the starting and finishing position
- UNITS = radians

70
Q

How does the “Shape + Surface characteristics of moving body” affect drag ?

A

The more Streamlined/aerodynamic shape will reduce drag force

  • sport scientists research to try get marginal gains in speed
  • e.g. cyclist air dust gaps to reduce drag or speed skier helmet extend to shoulder

A-level Physical Education Year 2 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions