sport psychology Flashcards
define imagery
imagery is the recreation of the performance in the mind of a skill or group of skills. A previous positive experience / picture of new events to prepare an individual mentally for performance
define relaxation
An athlete can use personal relaxation techniques to minimise the stress and tension which will result in increased performance
define self talk
self talk involves talking or thinking to yourself prior or during performance
define goal setting
goal setting is the process of deciding something you want to achieve, planning steps to follow that, working towards achieving the goal
define performance routines
A ritual a performer follows in the preparation for or during the execution of a task or skill
define confidence
belief that you can successfully perform a desired task or behavior
define concentration
ability to focus attention on required task by focusing on relevant cues, blocking out distractions
define stress
the imbalance between the task demands and response capability
define motivation
intensity and direction of effort
define arousal
the amount of mental energy or preparedness a person has prior to performance
what is group cohesion
the extent to which a group stays together and united in pursuit of common goal or objective
what is task cohesion
how committed the team members are to achieving their predetermined goals
how to develop task cohesion
- clear expectations
- regular team meetings
- developing pride within sub units
- communicate clearly and regularly so members understand their roles and responsibilities
- set goal
what is social cohesion
the degree to which team members enjoy being together
developing social cohesion
- encourage social interaction away from sport
- open, honest communication
- team building activities
- develop trust and respect
how to measure cohesion
- sociograms
- questionnaires
- observation
benefits of cohesion
- players enjoy others successes
- communication and motivation is of a high standard
- players work together to achieve team goasl
barriers to group cohesion
- lack communication
- personality clashes
- frequent changes to the group
- unclear / conflicting roles among players
what is social loafing
the tendency of individuals to lessen their efforts when they are apart of a group
why does social loafing occur
- individuals perceives another athlete working at lower intensity and they feel they can do the same
- belief that their efforts wont make a difference
- avoiding hard work and assume no one notice in large group
- feel their input isn’t essential to achieving the goal
result of social loafing
less effort = decreased individual performance = decreased team performance
how to reduce risk of social loafing
- write team contract
- group expectations, individual responsibilities, communication and discipline - develop rules conduct
- establish rules of expected behavior to help achieve team goals and objectives - create appropriate group sizes
- evaluate all members individually
what players exhibit when they are social loafing
- player isn’t training at required intensity
- players not engaging / encouraging team mates
- lack training attendance
- lack mental toughness
- doesn’t fulfill predetermined role/responsibility
what is the ringleman effect
the phenomena where the performance of members in a group decreases as the number of people increases
Carrons model - environmental factors
The factors binding members to a team
organisational orientation: eligibility rules, geographical factors
- playing within associations, state teams
- pride associated likely enhance s+t cohesion
normative pressures of society which discourage quitting:
- enables group to stay together, could decrease self-motivation therefore possibility of social loafing
- negative impact on task cohesion
contractual responsibilities:
- assist in developing task cohesion as athletes strive towards achieving same goals
- could negatively impact on cohesion e.g. pay diff
group size:
- task cohesion increases in smaller group as unity anf commitment is higher
- social cohesion may decrease if there is personality clashes
Carrons model - define leadership
refers to the style of leadership adopted and the relationships developed
Carrons model - personal factors
refers to the individual characteristics of group members
individual differences:
- individual satisfaction felt by each team member. higher lvl cohesion likely if each team member has similar attitudes, commitment, expectatins and goals
individual orientation - participation motivation:
- task motivation - associated with task cohesion and being involved in successful team
affiliation motivation - associated with social cohesion and desire to be apart of a group
self-motivation - attempt to obtain personal satisfaction through improving personal performance
Carrons model - team factors
relates to the characteristics of the sport/task/event and factors relating to the group as a whole
team stability:
- length which team been together
- team with minimal changes in personnel can have greater level of cohesion
desire for group success:
- prior success and failures
group productivity norms:
- team goals
- placing the team goals over personal goals will enhance team cohesion
- shared understanding of strategy and tactics - desire for group success and no blaming
demands of the task:
interacting - require high lvl interaction between team mates
co-acting - little or no communication result determined by tallies of individuals
mixed - combination of interacting and co-acting
