Sport Psych Topic 5 - Performing with others

Question 1

Key Research - Smith et al

Answer 1

Aim:
To investigate if coach effectiveness training (CET) would improve the coaching skills of these coaches.

Sample:
34 little league baseball coaches were recruited from a sample of coaches who had taken a part in their preliminary study
mean age = 36
mean experience = 8yrs

Procedure:
- experimental group took part in a 2hour training session involving on results of preliminary and what led to improved attitudes towards coaches and team.
- sessions included being given a list of do’s and don’ts such as; DO = encourage immediately after mistakes and give corrective instructions. DONT = punish when things are going wrong
- a comparisons was made between the coaches who had received CET and those in the control condition.
- behaviour was observed over the course of 4 games by 16 undergraduate students who had received training in how to use Coaching and behavioural assessment system to rate their behaviour
- structured interviews were also carried out with 325 of the boys they coached. Boys were asked to rate how often their coaches showed the behaviours.

Results:
- the coaches who had complete the CET program used reinforcement significant more often than controls giving players higher self esteem than the control group
- players whose coaches had taken part in CET training enjoyed playing for their coaches more, had a stronger desire to be coached by them in the future rated their relationships with their teammates more positively

Conclusions:
- the positive approach resulted in more positive interactions among players. Fear of failure is reduced if you reduce fear of punishment

Question 2

Tuchman’s theory of group development

Answer 2

forming - the team comes together, people aim to accept each other and be accepted to the group

storming - members challenging each other, ideas may be discussed and seek support from each other

norming - team agrees on its goals, members define their roles within the team and they begin to trust each other

performing - the team becomes focused on the task as conflict resolved and members have roles

Question 3

Stodgill: great man theory of leadership

Answer 3

• carried out 124 studies and identified physical, personality and cognitive differences between leaders and non-leaders. This review identified a number of traits that were associated with good leadership including: height, weak positive correlation, appearance, tend to present better.

-leaders tend to be more intelligent, spoke more fluently, had better academic and athletic achievements

Question 4

Chelladurai: multidimensional model of leadership

Answer 4

They suggested a multi-dimensional model of leadership where the success of a team is determined by the interactions between 3 types of leader behaviour:

• prescribed leader behaviour = behaviours that the leader is required to perform
• preferred leader behaviour = the type of behaviour the team members want their leader to perform
• actual leader behaviour = how the leader actually behaves in the given situation. This could be affected by the leader’s own personality characteristics

if these 3 factors are congruent than the outcome will be high performance and high team satisfaction but if they are incongruent, it will lead to different outcomes

Question 5

Senegal: team goal setting

Answer 5

• investigated the effectiveness of a team building intervention on team cohesion
• 86 female high school senior basketball players from 8 different teams were randomly assigned to either an experimental or control control
• those in the experimental group were given a list of performance indicators and decided the four most important to work on as a team goal individually, then in groups of 5 and finally as a whole team.
• they also decided what the target should be for each team goal. These goals were reviewed after 3 games and feedbacks given

Question 6

Senegal: team goal setting

Answer 6

• investigated the effectiveness of a team building intervention on team cohesion
• 86 female high school senior basketball players from 8 different teams were randomly assigned to either an experimental or control control
• those in the experimental group were given a list of performance indicators and decided the four most important to work on as a team goal individually, then in groups of 5 and finally as a whole team.
• they also decided what the target should be for each team goal. These goals were reviewed after 3 games and feedbacks given.
• the goal setting group showed higher levels of cohesion at the end of the season