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PE Paper 3 > sport and society: emergence and evolution of modern sport > Flashcards

sport and society: emergence and evolution of modern sport Flashcards

1
Q

list the socio-cultural factors of britain

CAATLEG

A

C- class (social class)
A- availability of time
A- availability of money
T- type and availability of transport
L- law and order
E- education and literacy
G- gender

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2
Q

describe the socio-cultural factor ‘class’ of pre-industrial britain (pre - 1850s)

CAATLEG

A

C - Feudal society (2 classes) :
- upper (gentry): lived in luxury, literate and had leisure time
- lower (peasants): illiterate, long working hours, cruel & violent existance

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3
Q

describe the socio-cultural factor ‘availibility of time’ of pre-industrial britain (pre - 1850s)

A

A - agricultural calendar and long working hours so lower class had very little free time, whereas upper class had extensive free time

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4
Q

describe the socio-cultural factor ‘availibility of money’ of pre-industrial Britain (pre- 1850s)

A

A - the lower class were extremely poor and the upper class were rich

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5
Q

describe the socio-cultural factor ‘transport’ of pre-industrial Britain (pre- 1850s)

A

T - limited transport/ communications so limited trnasport for lower class- mainly on foot, upper class carried by horses and carriages

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6
Q

describe the socio-cultural factor ‘law and order’ of pre-industrial Britain (pre- 1850s)

A

L - no police force/ uncivilised/ harsh society

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7
Q

describe the socio-cultural factor ‘education’ of pre-industrial Britain (pre-1850s)

A

E - lower class was illiterate, upper class were literate as they attended public schools

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8
Q

describe the socio-cultural factor ‘gender’ of pre-industrial Britain (pre-1850s)

A

G- society was male dominated

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9
Q

Explain the characteristics of ‘ class’ for popular recreation of pre industrial britain (1850s)

CAATLEG

A

C - classes had different sports
- e.g. lower = mob football/ upper = real tennis (cricket could be played by both)
- had different roles within same activity e.g. bare fist fighter was lower class, while his patron/ sponsor was upper

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10
Q

Explain the characteristics of ‘availibility of time’ for popular recreation of pre industrial britain (pre - 1850s)

A

A - lower class had little time for recreation so lead to occasional/ annual events like festivals/ holy days whereas upper class would play more regularly

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11
Q

Explain the characteristics of ‘availibility of money’ for popular recreation of pre industrial britain (pre - 1850s)

A
  • games were simple/ naural whereas upper class required equipment/ courts
  • wagering/ gambling = upper class to show status, lower class to go from ‘rags to riches’
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12
Q

Explain the characteristics of ‘transport’ for popular recreation of pre industrial britain (pre - 1850s)

A
  • localised games within small communities with localised rules spread by word of mouth with local variations whereas upper class could play with standardised rules
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13
Q

Explain the characteristics of ‘law & order’ for popular recreation in pre-industrial Britain

A

lower played violent and cruel games e.g. baiting and blood sports, whereas upper played real tennis which was more civilised

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14
Q

Explain the characteristics of ‘eductaion’ for popular recreation in pre-industrial Britain

A
  • lower = rules were simple and unwritten
  • upper = sophisticated sports with complex written rules
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15
Q

Explain the characteristics of ‘gender’ for popular recreation in pre-industrial Britain

A
  • for both = games were only played by men and were violent, whereas women has a traditional role, lower status in society so inferior to men
  • lower class women might ‘smock race’ at a country fair
  • upper class women could horse ride, dance, compete in archery as they were not strenuous activities
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16
Q

describe the socio-cultural factor ‘class’ for post-industrial Britain

A
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17
Q

describe the socio-cultural factor ‘availibility of time’ for post-industrial Britain

A
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18
Q

describe the socio-cultural factor ‘availibility of money’ for post-industrial Britain

A
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19
Q

describe the socio-cultural factor ‘transport’ for post-industrial Britain

A
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20
Q

describe the socio-cultural factor ‘law & order’ for post-industrial Britain

A
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21
Q

describe the socio-cultural factor ‘education’ for post-industrial Britain

A
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22
Q

describe the socio-cultural factor ‘gender’ for post-industrial Britain

A
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23
Q

explain the socio-cultural factor ‘class’ for post-industrial britain

A
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24
Q

explain the socio-cultural factor ‘availibility of time’ for post-industrial britain

A
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25
Q

explain the socio-cultural factor ‘availibility of money’ for post-industrial britain

A
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26
Q

explain the socio-cultural factor ‘transport’ for post-industrial britain

A
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27
Q

explain the socio-cultural factor ‘law & order’ for post-industrial britain

A
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28
Q

explain the socio-cultural factor ‘education’ for post-industrial britain

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29
Q

explain the socio-cultural factor ‘gender’ for post-industrial britain

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30
Q

define amateur

A

a person who plays sport for the love of it and recieves no financial gain

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31
Q

define prefessional

A

a person who plays sport for financial gain

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32
Q

what are the characteristics of amaterurism

A
  • participation is more important than winning
  • socially acceptable behaviour e.g. morals/ abide by rules
  • fair play & sportsmanship important
  • discourages deviant behaviour e.g. cheating/ match fixing as not tempted by extrinsic rewards
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33
Q

what are characteristics of amateurism in the 19th century

A
  • amateur upper class - ‘gentleman amateurs’ - social elite
  • amateurs held a higher status than professionals
  • adhered to code of ethics
  • tended to be an ‘all rounder’ viewed with high regard
  • elite performers of 19th century
  • manliness/ high moral integrity
  • excluded/ restricted professionals to avoid deviant behaviour e.g. athletics had an exlusion clause
  • controlled by NGBs/ selected teams/ restricted access to clubs
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34
Q

what are the charactersitics of amateurism in the eirly 20th century

A
  • held high status in society
  • controllers of sport = upper & middle class contolled sport & excluded working class from ‘amateur sports’
  • top performers = more likely to be upper and middle class
  • highly moral = had money and free time to play for love of it, emphasised fair play and sportsmanship
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35
Q

what are the characteristics of amateurism today

A
  • ‘open’ championships - amateurs can still compete against professionals, just not win the money e.g. golf
  • less liklihood of exclusions as society became egalitarian (equal and achievement based merit)
  • some amateurs now recieve finance to pay for training expenses e.g. national lottery/ sports aid money
  • amateur sport can act as a platform for professional sport e.g. boxing, golf
36
Q

what are the characteristics of preofessionalism

A
  • earning money from sport
  • improved standards - encourages spectator sport because better spectacle for spectators
  • pressure to win encourages deviant behaviour e.g. cheating/ match fixing
  • winning is critical
37
Q

what are characteristics of professionalism in the 19th century

A
  • sport became a business = amateurs paid for professionals to play
  • upper class were patrons/ working class = professionals
  • broken time payments from upper class to allow working class to allow working class to play and miss work but not be financially worse
  • developed employment - hired based on ability in certain sport
38
Q

what are the characteristics on professionalism in the 20th century

A
  • increased commercialism of sport
  • maximum wage was abolished
39
Q

what are the charactersitics of professionalism today

A
  • professionals train full time
  • prefessionals can still be financially supported e.g. sponsorship/ sports aid
  • professionals have contracts/ seen as commodity/ contractual obligations
  • high rewards through media and sponsorship e.g. football and tennis
  • celebrity status - media coverage and investment have led to increases in financial reward e.g. gold, tennis, football
  • positive rolemodels acts as motivators
  • more spectators attend matches at professional sporting events
40
Q

describe how today all classes can participate in either amateur or professional

A
  • social class is no longer a barrier
  • moral codes still evident in amateur and professional sports today - shaking hands
  • code of conduct still present: calling ref ‘sir’ in rugby
  • today injection of money/ commercialisation - TV rights etc. allows NGBs to invest in grass roots/ economic benefit to country/ sports benefits/ country benefits
  • today amateur and professional shared characteristics = difficult to distinguish between amateur and professional
41
Q

what did industrilaists influence on the spread of sport in relation to ex-public school boys

A

factory owners set up teams for their wokrers to encourage the development of characters. e.g. Arsenal is a gun making factory in Woolwich

42
Q

what do vicars influence on the spread of sport in relation to ex-public school boys

A

boys went to the church and set up teams to encourage the boys to come to church e.g. Manchetser City (rev. Connell)

43
Q

what does the army influence on the spread of sport in relation to ex-public school boys

A

boys travelled the British Empire taking the games with them. Passed the game to the lower ranking soldiers and other countries e.g. Australia - play cricket and rugby

44
Q

what do parents influence on the spread of sport in relation to ex-public school boys

A

encouraged their boys to play the games they had played

45
Q

what do teachers influence on the spread of sport in relation to ex-public school boys

A

some went on to teach and encouraged students to play to develop their character

46
Q

what does community clubs influence on the spread of sport in relation to ex-public school boys

A

boys set up clubs in the community to play

47
Q

what do governing bodies influence on the spread of sport in relation to ex-public school boys

A

bpys went on to set up governing bodies to establish standardised rules for the games thye played e.g. FA 1863

48
Q

what did oxbridge blues influence the spread of sport in relation to ex-public school boys

A

the boys who had left to go to Oxford and Caimbrudge Uni went back to thier schools and became role models to the younger boys

49
Q

what is the cult of athleticism meaning

A

an obsession with the combination of physical endeavour and moral integrity

50
Q

what is the impact and nature of the ‘cult of athleticism’

A

the belief that character development happens through sport where the students learnt to try hard and be truthful

51
Q

describe the characteristics of the sports that where organised and promoted from the public schools

A
  • were boarding schools had a lot of free time to play regularly & this meant standards were high
  • played with ane thos of sportsmanship and fairplay
  • were able to afford specialist equipment and facilities
  • employed professional coaches e.g. in cricket
  • encouraged teachers to support to and coach house teams
  • encouraged others to join in
  • played prestigious matches against teams such as MCC (cricket)
52
Q

describe and explain the good qualities for boys that public schools promoted

A
  • physical endeavour: trying hard to score a goal in football to the very last minute of the game
  • leadership: being the captain of the sports team would have to lead the other boys
  • courage: to make a tackle against an older boy in rugby or to go into bat last when the score is close
  • moral integrity: helping a player up wjo you fouled or playing by the rules in a game of football
  • teamwork: playing for your house/ school enabled you to work with others in cricket
  • loyalty: allegiance to your school/ house/ cricket team/ pride to play for your house at cricket
  • respect: accepting the decisions of the referee/ mutual regard for the opposition/ teammates
53
Q

describe the socio-cultural factor ‘class’ for 20th century britain

A
54
Q

describe the socio-cultural factor ‘availibility of time’ for 20th century britain

A
55
Q

describe the socio-cultural factor ‘availibility of money’ for 20th century britain

A
56
Q

describe the socio-cultural factor ‘transport’ for 20th century britain

A
57
Q

describe the socio-cultural factor ‘law & order’ for 20th century britain

A
58
Q

describe the socio-cultural factor ‘education’ for 20th century britain

A
59
Q

describe the socio-cultural factor ‘gender’ for 20th century britain

A
60
Q

explain the socio-cultural factor ‘class’ for 20th century britain

A
61
Q

explain the socio-cultural factor ‘availibility of time’ for 20th century britain

A
62
Q

explain the socio-cultural factor ‘availibility of money’ for 20th century britain

A
63
Q

explain the socio-cultural factor ‘transport’ for 20th century britain

A
64
Q

explain the socio-cultural factor ‘law & order’ for 20th century britain

A
65
Q

explain the socio-cultural factor ‘education’ for 20th century britain

A
66
Q

explain the socio-cultural factor ‘gender’ for 20th century britain

A
67
Q

define globalisation

A

a process that involves sports as a worldwide busiess and features corpoate brands, media coverage and freedom of movement of players, officials and spectators

68
Q

what does globalisation cause

A
  • worldwide media coverage
  • greater exposure of people to sport
  • freedom of movement of players and supporters
69
Q

how does globalisation effect media coverage

A
  • worldwide media coverage on multiple platforms - increased audiences (paralympics/ world cup football, Wimbledon)
  • sports as a worldwide marketplace/ business (replica premier league football shirts old in Aisa, NBA shirts sold in the UK)
  • increased technology and social media = sports available 24/7 all over the world
  • commercialisation of sport - increased revenue for merchendise sales in new foreign markets
  • scheduling - changed kick off times to increase media viewers e.g. 7:45 kick off for football
  • sport format - changed the structure of sport to increase media appeal e.g. rugby 7s
  • rule changes - NGB altered rules e.g. no offside in hockey
  • international fixtures - increased numbers
  • player income increased due to prize money/ sponsorship
  • player status- global superstars e.g. David Beckham
  • officiating technology - fair outcomes and entertainment e.g. TMO/ hawkeye
70
Q

how does globalisation effect exposure of people to sport

A
  • sports comps taken to new markets e.g. F1 in Abu Dhabi
  • global tours and comps (pre-season/ world cups)
  • Olympics and World cup moved to different continent e.g. 2022 Qatar World Cup
  • international fixtures of a regular basis
71
Q

how does globalisatin effect freedom of movement of players

A
  • allows performers to cross continents in lots of different sports
  • performers casn move to different countires for training
  • successful sports/ clubs/ teams tour other ‘markets’ e.g. premier league teams touring USA in pre-season
  • can increase the potential fan base of successful sports/ clubs/ teams/ performers as they are known internationally
  • quicker/ easier travel makes comps more flexible/ possibl
  • coaches from a variety of different cultures
  • incresed participation by ethnic minorities in sports
  • reduced participation by home grown players e.g. football
72
Q

describe the socio-cultural factor ‘class’ for 21st century britain

A
73
Q

describe the socio-cultural factor ‘availbility of time’ for 21st century britain

A
74
Q

describe the socio-cultural factor ‘availibility of money’ for 21st century britain

A
75
Q

describe the socio-cultural factor ‘transport’ for 21st century britain

A
76
Q

describe the socio-cultural factor ‘law & order’ for 21st century britain

A
77
Q

describe the socio-cultural factor ‘education’ for 21st century britain

A
78
Q

describe the socio-cultural factor ‘gender’ for 21st century britain

A
79
Q

explain the socio-cultural factor ‘class’ for 21st century britain

A
80
Q

explain the socio-cultural factor ‘availibility of time’ for 21st century britain

A
81
Q

explain the socio-cultural factor ‘availbility of money’ for 21st century britain

A
82
Q

explain the socio-cultural factor ‘transport’ for 21st century britain

A
83
Q

explain the socio-cultural factor ‘law & order’ for 21st century britain

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84
Q

explain the socio-cultural factor ‘education’ for 21st century britain

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85
Q

explain the socio-cultural factor ‘gender’ for 21st century britain

A

PE Paper 3 (8 decks)

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