sport and society Flashcards
1
Q
popular recreation
A
- sport and passtimes of people in pre-industrial Britain
- hobbies/sport/ activities
2
Q
feudal system
A
A way of structuring society around a relationship derived from the holding of land in exchange for service or labour
3
Q
Pre-industrial society characteristics
A
- limited transport
- widespread literacy
- harsh lifestyle
-limited free time - class division
- rural
4
Q
characteristics of popular recreation
A
- social class = seperation of activities
- rural = countryside, natural resources, limited space
- widespread literacy = simple rules
- limited free time= occasionally played
- harsh lifestyle = violent/aggressive
- limited transport = local
5
Q
mob football
A
- played by lower class
- localised form of activity
- very simple- made use of what was already available, in fields + pigs bladder instead of football
- male dominated + highly violent
- little rules
6
Q
why mob football was banned
A
- violent
- injury/death
-damage of property - gambling/wagering
- drunken behaviour
7
Q
real tennis
A
- exclusive - upper class
- educated/ highly literate = complex rules
- high moral code = civilised
- more free time = played regularly
- purpose built facilities
- travel = non local
- skillful game = shows superiority
8
Q
rational recreation
A
- 19th century these sports were pastimes for the lower class which were designed by the middle class to be well ordered, organised and controlled
9
Q
wenlock olympic games
A
-1850: Olympian class was formed by the Wenlock Agricultural Reading society
- the Wenlock games were created by Dr William Penny Brookes
- includes: athletics, quoits, football, cricket, running, hurdles, penny farthing cycling
-celebration & pageantry key important part of games
- games= amateurs, no financial rewards to victors
10
Q
athletics and a rational recreation
A
- non violent
- played nationally/ reguarly
- rule, create NGB
- referee/ officials
- purpose built facilities
- skill/tactic based
11
Q
reasons why olympics was set up
A
- moral, physical and intellectual improvements
- participation in outdoor recreation challenges
- prizes for success promote participation
12
Q
industrial revolution
A
- rapid development of industry that occurred in Britain in the late 18th-19th century (use of steam power)
- intro of machinery, growth of factories, mass production of manufactured goods
13
Q
influence of industrial revolution on the development of rationalised sports and passtimes - negative, first half
A
- migration of the lower class into urban areas
- lack of leisure time
- lack of income
- poor health
- loss of rights
- lack of provision
14
Q
influence of industrial revolution on the development of rationalised sports and passtimes - positive, second half
A
- health and hygiene improved = public baths- more energy to participate
- increase in wages and more time for sport
- new middle class
- values of athleticism
- improvement of transport and communications - roads + trains
- becomes cheaper to travel -participation and spectators
15
Q
urbanisation
A
-large numbers of people moving from rural to town/cities
- lack of space - led to purpose build facilities
- large working class populations -need entertaining, more spectators
- loss of traditional sports
- change in working conditions - more free time, spectators increased
16
Q
transport revolution
A
- development of trains and railways
- faster trains- can travel further-> national leagues
- leagues caused rules to be made
- improved access to different parts of the country
- cheaper train travel -working class
17
Q
communications
A
- became more literate
- printed media improved awareness of the sport
- emergence of sporting heros and role models
18
Q
influence of the church
A
- social control
- civilised society diverting people away from less sociable acceptable behaviour
- promoted christian values
- use of facilities = attendance at church services
- church formed own teams
19
Q
emergence of the middle classes in the 3 tier society
A
- codification
- competitions
- public provision
- increases leisure time
- move to professionalism
20
Q
codification
A
- development of strict rules as public schools caused NGBs to be made
- controlled sport and became key members of administration
21
Q
competitions
A
- development of leagues
22
Q
public provisions
A
- creates space to train and play
23
Q
increased leisure time
A
- more time to watch or play
24
Q
public schools and the British empire
A
- headmasters promote sport = social control = outlet for energy + taught lessons to control boys behaviour
- sportsmanship
- ‘cult of athleticism’= promoted sport they played= form of national leagues + competition across British empire
25
public provision and its influence on development and spread of rational recreation
- local council provision of facilities for the masses to participate
- opportunities for working class
- wanted to improve health and hygiene of then working class
- applied for grants for public washing facilities
26
development of NGBs
- sport becoming more increasingly popular with more widespread playing of sport
- more teams and clubs formed
- more national and international fixture formed
- leagues + competitions required for teams to compete in
- nationally agreed rules
- maintain amateur ideal
- threats of professionalism/ commercialism
27
characteristics of rational recreation
- respectability - emphasis on fair play = emergence of middle class
- regionally/nationally played = improved transport
- stringent administration and codification
- referees/ officials
- purpose- built facilities= more space
- skill/tactic based
28
amateurism
- plays sport for the fun not for financial gain
- values included - appreciating value of health and fitness, rule-regulated activity, high moral integrity
29
amateurism positives
- amateurs had a higher status than professionals
- the code of amateurism formed many NGBs - FA
- belonging to a social elite
- participation in sport seen as more important than winning
30
gentleman amateur
- wealthy people play fro the love of it, not for money
31
professional
- working class
- paid to play
- little free time, dedicated to training
32
professionalism positives
- paid according to their results so resulted in dedicated training = standard of play increased
- factories employ based on sporting talents
- avenue of social mobility
33
broken time payments
- being paid even when not playing/ resting
34
features of early 20th century amateurs
- high status
- controllers of sport
- top performers
- highly moral
35
features of modern day amateurs
- lower status
- performance at the top level in most sports open to all
- some receive finance to pay for training expenses - sports aid money
36
positives of modern day amateurism
- codes of amateurism still evident in British police
- still viewed positively and promoted- shaking hands
- still have codes of conduct - rugby calling referees sir
37
modern day professionalism
- all classes can compete, social mobility is more possible
-people now respected for their talents
- high rewards for professionals through media and sponsorship
- more time to train
- positive role models
- money invested- operate and survive commercially
- more spectators
38
rationalisation and modern day development of association football
- urbanisation = large audience, purpose built facilities
- more free time= Saturday traditional 3pm
- more disposable income
- improved transport= development of trains
- increased professionalism = opportunity to play as a job, broken time payments
- increased organisation = ex pupil set up FA
39
bosman ruling
- allowed footballers within the EU to move at the end of their contract to another club without transfer fee being paid
- caused salaries to be increase
- maximum waged caused salaries to be capped at £4 week
40
the emergence of elite female footballers in modern day sport
- equal opportunities = sex discrimination act, war effort- breaking down stereotypes about physical capabilities
- increased media coverage = part of fifa 16
- more female role models
- more provison via school pe programmes
- more clubs forming
- more free time = domestic responsibility decreased
41
womens world cup
1991
- mens - 1930
42
female officials
- wendy toms first ever female assistant referee to officiate premier league 1991
- more funding = more courses
- success in womens games means more people want to take part in other ways
- measures put in place = develop more opportunities for female referees such as womens referee deveoplment pathway
