Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PE skill acquisition > Skill acquisition > Flashcards

Skill acquisition Flashcards

1
Q

What is a skill

A

Learned ability to bring about predetermined results with the minimum outlay of time and energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Characteristics of a skill

A

Aesthetically pleasing
Consistent
Efficient
Fluent
Accurate
Controlled
Economical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Open skill

A

Environment is unpredictable and changes frequently
Eg passes in a game

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Closed skill

A

Predictable environment, doesn’t have to adapt actions
Eg shot put

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Gross skill

A

Performed using large muscle groups
Eg shoulder muscles used in a rugby tackle, with leg muscles used to drive to the ground

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Externally paced skill

A

No control over when to start the drill or how fast it will be performed
Eg sailor must react to speed of wind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Fine skills

A

Smaller more intricate muscle groups
Eg the control needed to return a shot in table tennis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Self paced skill

A

Control over the speed skill is performed
Eg footballer taking a penalty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Discrete skill

A

Clear beginning and end and is 1 short action
Eg tennis serve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Continuous skill

A

no clear beginning or end but is more a cycle of movements repeated over and over again
Eg cycling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Serial skill

A

Several discrete skills are linked together to complete a task
Eg dance, gymnastics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Low organised skill

A

Skill easily broken down into its sub- routines
Eg swim strokes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

High organised skill

A

Not easily broken down into parts
Eg volly in football

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Simple skill

A

Limited decisions
Eg forward roll (gymnastics)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Complex skill

A

Decisions may need to be made before skill is attempted
Eg dribble in hockey x where are players, ball

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Types of transfer

A

Positive
Negative
Zero transfer
Bilateral transfer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Positive

A

Learning of one skill helps /aids the learning of another
Similar shape/ form
Eg over arm volleyball serve + tennis serve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Negative

A

Learning of 1 skill hinders the learning of another
Some similarity with environment may cause confusion
Eg badminton and tennis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Zero transfer

A

Learning 1 skill has no impact on learning of another
Eg swim action and foot placement for rock climbing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Bilateral transfer

A

Learning of one skill is passed across the body to limb to limb
Eg footballer (right-footed) being taught to use their left foot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Methods of presenting practise

A

Whole practise
Whole-part practise
Progressive part practise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Whole practice advantages

A

A feel for the whole skill
Sub- routine linked fluidly
Realistic to performance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Whole practice

A

Practising skill entirely, not breaking off into sub-routines
Skill is simple and doesn’t require much thought

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Whole practice disadvantages

A

Difficult for cognitive learners who may find the demands of the whole skill too much
Fatigue and boredom could result

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Whole part practice advantages

A

Provides immediate feedback
Motivation technique when weaknesses are corrected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Whole -part practice

A

Assessing the skill, identifying a weakness to practise then putting the skill back together
Breaking down complex task into stages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Whole part practise disadvantages

A

Can lead to negative transfer if sub-routine is not integrated back into whole skill
Time consuming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Progressive part practise

A

First part of the skill is taught then the rest are added to the sequence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Progressive part sequence advantages

A

Can focus on 1 part of a serial skill and correct errors
Successful parts can maintain motivation to learn the whole skill

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Progressive part sequence disadvantages

A

Time consuming
Could lead to negative transfer of parts not learnt correctly
May need to rest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Types of practise

A

Massed
Distributed
Varied
Mental

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Massed practise

A
  • No rest intervals, continuous
  • Skill is simple, environment is closed
  • basketball player practicing free throw
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

massed practice advantages

A
  • promotes fitness so performer can keep up with demands of the tasks
  • practicing without break
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

massed practice disadvantages

A
  • can produce fatigue
  • danger of negative transfer unless coach makes practice similar to match
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Distributed practise

A
  • Resting between sessions
  • when skill is continuous
  • open skill
  • swimmer practicing stroke
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

distributed practice advantages

A
  • takes pressure off the performer and allows recuperation after tough session
  • good for beginners since it allows controlled process and coaching advice
  • motivation - praise from coach
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

distributed practice disadvatage

A
  • time consuming - not used when skill requires fast progress
  • not useful for expert players
  • danger of negative transfer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Varied practise

A
  • Changing the practice type and the practice drills
  • Good for team sports training so player learns to adapt to changes in the environment
  • players practicing football pass
39
Q

varied practice advantages

A
  • allows players to adapt to their skills to changing environments
  • increases motivation - variety of practice
40
Q

varied practice disadvantages

A
  • time consuming and increases risk of negative transfer
  • may place unnecessary demands on players if they are given too many things to focus on
41
Q

Mental practice

A

Going over the skill in the mind without movement

42
Q

mental practice advantages

A
  • improves confidence
  • stimulates the muscle receptors so player can be prepared and reaction time increased
  • develops cognitive ability and improve the decision making
43
Q

mental practice disadvantages

A
  • must be correct
  • environment must be calm
44
Q

Stages of learning

A

Cognitive
Associative
Autonomous

45
Q

Cognitive

A

No motor program
uncoordinated movement
when you have only just started the skill

46
Q

Associative

A

Motor program forming
smoother movement
still have to think about the skill

47
Q

Autonomous

A

Motor program formed
automatic control detailed
actions are fluent

48
Q

the purposes and types of feedback

A

positive feedback
negative feedback
extrinsic feedback
intrinsic feedback
knowledge of performance
knowledge of results

49
Q

positive feedback

A

encouragement

50
Q

negative feedback

A

error correction

51
Q

extrinsic feedback

A

from an outside source eg coach

52
Q

intrinsic feedback

A

from within

53
Q

knowledge of performance

A

technique

54
Q

knowledge of results

A

concerns about the outcome

55
Q

learning plateau

A

period during performance when there are no signs of improvement
eg injury

56
Q

stages 1 of the learning plateau

A

rate of learning is slow and performance level is poor because performer is new to a task
in cognitive stage

57
Q

stage 2 of the learning plateau

A

rapid acceleration in the rate of learning because the performer has begun to master the task and gain some success

58
Q

stage 3 of the learning plateau

A

no improvement in the rate of learning and the performance has reached plateau performance maintains same level

59
Q

stage 4 of the learning plateau

A

period towards end of task when maybe due to fatigue, the performance may actually deteriorate

60
Q

causes of plateau

A

lack of motivation
boredom
coaching
limit of ability
targets set too low
fatigue

61
Q

solutions of plateau

A

task could be extended so that a new challenge to test the performer is given new targets/goals
player find new coach
rest
more variety added to task
player receive feedback

62
Q

methods of guidance

A

visual
verbal
manual
mechanical

63
Q

visual

A

images and videos
links to cognitive stages of learning

64
Q

visual advantages

A

beginners can from mental picture of correct performance
demonstrations can be repeated
slow motions video can be used to focus on specific parts

65
Q

visual disadvantages

A

demonstrations need to be accurately performed
otherwise could lead to wrong technique

66
Q

verbal

A

instructions given in words
explain movements and techniques
all 3 stages of learning

67
Q

verbal advantages

A

immediate instructions can be acted upon straight away
questions can be asked

68
Q

verbal disadvantages

A

long or complicated instructions are hard to process
some actions cant be explained in words

69
Q

manual

A

hands on guidance that helps performers get muscle memory
cognitive stage

70
Q

manual advantages

A

helps develop muscle memory

71
Q

manual disadvantages

A

performers can become dependent on the support
cognitive stage

72
Q

mechanical

A

device used to help performance
cognitive stage

73
Q

mechanical advantages

A
  • provides safe environment for new skills
  • eliminates danger
  • builds confidence
74
Q

mechanical disadvantages

A
  • can give unrealistic feeling of the motion
  • performer may depend on it too much
  • motivation may be lost if they cant do it independently
75
Q

theories of learning

A

operate conditioning
observational learning
social development
insight learning

76
Q

operate conditioning

A

skinner
- use of reinforcement to link correct response to a stimulus
based on trial and error
shapes behavior
manipulated the environment

77
Q

operate conditioning
stimulus - response bond

A

strengthening the link between the stimulus and the response
linking appropriate response to stimulus then actions can be learnt

78
Q

operate conditioning
positive reinforcement

A

pleasant stimulus is given to increase correct response
coach offering praise for doing correctly will increase motivation to do it again

79
Q

operate conditioning
negative reinforcement

A

taking away an unpleasant stimulus when the perfomer does it right

80
Q

observational learning

A

bandura
both acceptable and unacceptable behavior can be learnt by watching then copying other people
suggested a performer is more likely to copy demonstartion if uses 4 processes

81
Q

observational learning
4 processes

A

attention
retention
motor production
motivation

82
Q

observational learning
attention

A

making demonstration attractive to performer

83
Q

observational learning
retention

A

remembering demonstration

84
Q

observational learning
motor production

A

having mental and physical ability to do the task

85
Q

observational learning
motivation

A

having drive to do the task

86
Q

social development theory

A

vygotsky
skills learnt from more knowledgeable others
gives direct examples, advice

87
Q

social development theory
first process

A

inter- psychological learning- learning from others externally

88
Q

social development theory
second process

A

intra-psychological learing- learning from others using MKO to develop knowledge

89
Q

social development theory
contructivism

A

building up learning in stages, based on the current level of performance

90
Q

social development theory
zone proximal development

A

an assessment of what they need to do next to learn the skill

91
Q

social development theory
zone proximal development 3 stages

A

what can i do alone
what can i do with help
what can i not do yet

92
Q

insight learning

A

gestaltist
using experience and understanding to solve problems relating to the whole skill
performer uses existing knowledge to form idea of how to deal with situations
concentrates on whole task

93
Q

insight learning advantages

A

encourages performer to think for themselves
develops cognitive process

PE skill acquisition (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions