sport and society Flashcards
define violence
intense physical force that is directed towards harming another individual or groups and can cause injury or harm
define hooliganism
acts of vandalism and violence in public places committed especially by youths
define football hooliganism
unruly, violent and destructive behaviour by overly-zealous supporters of association football clubs
why a performer may be violent
win at all costs mentality
importance of event
nature of game
national governing bodies too lenient with punishment
excitement/over-arousal
referee decisions
how to deal with violent players: players
positive role models
stress management techniques
follow the rules
avoid personal situations that can lead to violence
how to deal with violent players: ngb
fair play awards
video evidence/put on report
experienced officials
non-violent role models
sports law in line with common law
dealing with violent players: coaches
good examples
punishments
codes of conduct
stress management techniques
avoid win at all costs mentality
substitute/change tactics
causes of spectator violence
importance of event
poor crowd control
lack of effective punishments
lack of responsibility by large groups
violence by players is reflected in the crowd
religious discord
violent reactions to chants
frustration at team losing
alcohol/drugs
effects of violence and hooliganism on sport, individuals and society
bad image of the sport
parents won’t allow children to participate
affects treatment of legitimate fans
career ending tackles
reputation of country damaged
huge cost - police, cctv
effects of hooliganism on law-abiding fans
poor treatment of real fans
fans herded through streets before/after games
all fans for a particular team aren’t trusted
all fans for certain teams are banned from certain matches
how to stop hooliganism
restricted hours for pubs
earlier kick-off times
ban ticket resellers
increase police and cctv
police forces share information
confiscate passports
ban known hooligans
enforce trespass laws
prosecute racist acts
all seater stadiums
control alcohol
segregation of fans
define talent identification
the process of recognising current athletes who have the potential to excel within their sports
define talent transfer
a process occurring when an athlete ceases or reduces their involvement in a sport which they have invested significant time and concentrates their efforts in a new sport with similar skills
define talent confirmation
real talent can only be confirmed by engaging with the individual in a specific sports training environment
world class performance pathway - describe each phase
top: world class podium
supports likely medal contenders. funding based on performance success at past olympics
middle: world class development
for performers who are about 6 years from a medal
bottom: world class talent
highly gifted performers with world class talent are selected by NGBs. likely 8 years from a medal
phases of talent identification
one:
generic physical and skill-based tests
e.g sprints, jumps, agility, aerobic fitness
two and three:
further assess suitability for a sport
functional movement screening, medical screening, performance lifestyle workshops etc
confirmation:
selected athletes have a 6-12 month phase where they’re in the sports training environment
rates of progression are tracked
talent id campaign - girls4gold
female talent recruitment in GB
discovered athletes for 2020 olympics
looks for women who have the drive and ambition to fulfil their sporting potential
talent id campaign - tall and talented
2016
directed towards rowing, basketball and olympic sports
find a sport for tall people who don’t know what they’re good at
conduct tests to identify this
talent id campaign - fighting chance
2018
partnership with GB taekwondo
athletes from martial arts backgrounds to high performance sport
allows opportunities for athletes in the olympics
talent id campaign - pitch2podium
give footballers (18-22) opportunities to succeed in other sports
over 1000 players took part in olympic talent assessment
talent id campaign - sporting giants
2007
searched for nation wide talent
4000 people applied and 58 were selected
from this, 6 other talent id campaigns were created
talent id campaign - project swap shop
recruit athletes onto a talent transfer programme
recruit athletes near retirement to switch to a sport with transferable skills
talent transfer programmes - key points
- talent transfer occurs
- alternate sport will have similar movements, psychological requirements and tactical components to previous sport
- switch is prompted by injury, retirement, plateau, loss of motivation
- can occur through talent id programmes
funding for world class performance pathway
two ways:
1. invest in the sports governing body to support podium and podium potential athletes. includes coaching, training, medical, technology services
- recognition that succeeding at that level requires a full time commitment so UK sport makes a contribution towards living and sporting costs via a national lottery funded performance award
extra points about funding
building and sustaining pathways are costly
support provided is dependent on the finance the sport is given
sports with more money will be better equipped
sports ethic definition
about the athlete’s sacrifice for the game, taking risks/challenges and creates an environment where the athlete becomes vulnerable to corruption
sports ethic - 4 dimensions and who is it
Coakley
-sacrifices
-striving for excellence
-playing through pain
-no limits of possibility
deviance definition and example
behaviour outside of the norm
e.g performance enhancing drugs
fair play definition
following the rules of the game and playing with honesty and integrity
sportsmanship definition
plays to the written and unwritten rules, respect for umpires and opponents. win with grace and lose with dignity
gamesmanship definition and example
bending the rules. not following etiquette or unwritten rules in order to win
e.g sledging in cricket
driven by a win at all costs mentality
cheating definition and example
clearly breaking the written rules of a sport in order to gain an unfair advantage
e.g boxer hitting the back of the head
contract to compete
an unwritten moral contract to do their best and play within the rules/show sportsmanship
based on UK culture - fair play, amateurism, athleticism, respect and taking part
the olympic oath
promise to compete without taking drugs, in the spirit of sportsmanship
types of deviance
positive
negative
positive deviance
coakley
move away from the norm without the intention to cause harm or break the rules
e.g playing through injury, training until injured
overconforming to expectations
negative deviance
coakley
knowingly breaks the rules or ethics of sport
e.g performance enhancing drugs, illegal betting, bribery
underconforming to expectations
relative deviance
behaviour that is considered normal within the sport but isn’t considered normal outside of the sport
e.g punching is acceptable in boxing but not in society
voluntary…
co-operative…
enforced…
voluntary: performer decides to take drugs
co-operative: performer takes drugs because their friends/team are
enforced: coach tells them to take drugs
why were the russians banned from the 2021 olympics
state-sponsored doping scheme
government encourage the taking of drugs
tampered with drug tests
whistleblower exposed them
banned
causes of deviance
pressure - financial, coach, to win, media
win at all costs mentality
culture/nature of sport
stress of situation
lack of moral code
perception of lenient punishment
following deviant role models
lack of positive education
consequences of deviance
damaged reputation of sport
punishment or bans
loss of respect
loss of credibility
suspicion of other athletes
titles stripped
loss of sponsors
loss of earnings
become a negative role model
the olympic ideal
‘the most important thing is not to win but to take part’
vince lombardi went against this - win at all costs
caused a decline in sportsmanship
doping definition
athletes taking illegal substances to improve their physical and psychological performances
substances are banned if they meet two of these….
enhance performance
threat to athlete health
violate the spirit of the sport
UK anti-doping agency
organisation responsible for protecting sport in the UK
arguments for ‘drugs should be accepted in sport’
-sport more attractive to watch
-freedom of choice
-sport is never a level playing field so drugs could level it
-can help medical problems
-some drugs are allowed so why not all
-some drugs have minimal risks
-testing is expensive
-would reduce pressure
-mask pain, train more, recover faster
arguments for ‘drugs should not be allowed in sport’
-gives an unfair advantage
-damages the sport’s reputation
-not a level playing field
-morally wrong
-huge side effects
-fair players are accused of cheating
-testing has become easier and more accurate
-educational programmes have raised awareness on the side effects
discuss the view that the use of performance enhancing drugs is increasing in sport -
IS INCREASING
-evidence for number of failed tests
-evidence of drugs being used in various sports
-evidence of police investigations
-increased money spent on testing
-more sophisticated drugs to beat drug tests
-increased pressure on athletes
-greater publicity and bans given to failed tests
discuss the view that the use of performance enhancing drugs is increasing in sport -
ISN’T INCREASING
-drugs have always been present
-possible conflict with NGBs: need to catch cheats whilst promoting the sport
-confusion between drugs and supplements
-more media attention
-more funds allocated to catching drug cheats
-the drive by many for clean sport
-more awareness of drug types and methods of using them
functions of the media
EIEIA
EDUCATE - new information, VAR, become knowledgeable
INFORM - update existing information
ENTERTAIN - increases engagement, youtube, social media
INTERPRET - help fans understand stats/data
ADVERTISE - promote sport or sponsors
forms of media
television
radio
newspapers
podcasts
social media
the golden triangle
the relationship between sport, sponsors and media.
increases commercialisation
symbiotic relationship
athletes - rely on media coverage and sponsors to gain visibility and financial support
media - depend on compelling sports to attract viewers
sponsors - enhance market presence and brand exposure
sponsorship definition
an agreement between a company and an event where the company gives money in exchange for rights to associate the company name with the product
advantages of sponsorships
-more money
-more competitions
-improvement in performance
-improvement in facilities
-improvements in technology
-increased participation
-improve coaching
disadvantages of sponsorships
-increased pressure leads to deviance
-lack of privacy
-lack of control of self/team
-risk of injury
-conflict of personal views/values
-personal appearances impact life
-amateur ethos disregarded
-strict contractual obligations
positive effects of media on sport
-creation of positive role models
-raise the profile of minority sports or individuals
-increases revenue from sponsorships
-greater understanding due to commentary/analysis
-changes in scheduling to think more about customer needs
-can raise awareness on social issues
negative effects of media on sport
-encourages spectating, not participating
-loss of traditional sporting values
-negatively promote news stories
-media coverage of inappropriate behaviour affects the sport
-creation of negative role models
-increased pressure on officials
-clubs focus more on media obligations rather than the sport
-sexploitation
-sensationalisation
-saturation
discuss how role models influence sport through social media
positives:
raise awareness of sport
promote healthy lifestyle
showcase sport’s positive values
publicise a variety of sports
motivate people to take part
negatives:
invasion of privacy
undermine people’s confidence
showcase negative values
edit footage so it’s incomplete or biased
amateurism - professionalism - commercialisation
amateurism:
upper class
focus on love of sport
sportsmanship, honesty, integrity
not everyone is highly skilled
19th to early 20th century
professionalism:
lombardian ethic
working class
highly skilled
result of broken-time payment
performers compete for financial gain
against amateur ideal
rise of deviance and gamesmanship
post ww2 - 1950-1970
commercialisation:
1990-now
media
commercialisation definition
the influence of commerce, trade on an industry (e.g sport) to make a profit
advertising
endorsement
merchandising
sponsorship
advertising - use sport to promote goods or services to make it well known
endorsement - giving approval to a product and receiving payment in return
merchandising - image from one product will be used to sell another sponsorship
pierre de couberin
founder of the international olympic committee
sportsmanship, honesty, integrity, amateurism
fought against television coverage
shamateurism
shamateurism
treating athletes as amateurs so they can compete whilst receiving illegal payments
