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A2 Physical Education > movement analysis + biomechanics > Flashcards

movement analysis + biomechanics Flashcards

1
Q

Newton’s first law

A
  1. law of inertia
  2. object stays in rest or motion unless an external force is exerted
  3. ball is still until kicked by player
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2
Q

Newton’s second law

A
  1. law of acceleration
  2. rate of momentum is proportional to the force causing it, in the direction in which the force acts
  3. when a player kicks the ball, the acceleration of the ball is proportional to the size of the force so the harder it’s kicked, the faster it will go.
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3
Q

Newton’s third law

A
  1. law of reaction
  2. every action has an equal and opposite reaction
  3. when jumping for a header, the force put into the ground is equal to the force out of the ground so the more force in the ground, the higher the jump
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4
Q

what does a positive net impulse mean + when during a race

A

there is acceleration
at the start of the race

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5
Q

what does zero net impulse mean + when during a race

A

there is constant velocity
midway through the race

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6
Q

what does a negative net impulse mean + when during a race

A

there is deceleration
at the end of the race

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7
Q

define motion

A

the change of location or position of an object with respect to time

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8
Q

internal forces

A

muscle contraction - usually concentric

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9
Q

external forces

A

gravity, air resistance, water resistance, friction and reactional

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10
Q

linear motion

A

the straight line movement of an object. all parts of the body move in the same direction, at the same speed when acted upon by a force

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11
Q

scalar quantity

A

a quantity that only has magnitude (size).
e.g mass, speed, distance

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12
Q

vector quantity

A

a quantity that has magnitude and direction
e.g displacement, velocity, acceleration, force

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13
Q

distance vs displacement

A

distance - total length from point A to point B
displacement - how far it is from its original position

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14
Q

scalar formula triangle

A

speed (m/s) = distance (m) / time (s)

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15
Q

vector formula triangle

A

velocity (m/s) = displacement (m) / time (s)

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16
Q

how to find velocity from a displacement time graph

A
  1. straight horizontal line = zero
  2. constant velocity (+/-) - find gradient
  3. variable velocity - draw tangent at a point and find gradient
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17
Q

acceleration (definition + equation)

A
  1. the rate at which velocity changes with respect to time
  2. acceleration (m/s2) = final velocity - initial velocity / time
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18
Q

angular motion

A

the rotation or circular movement of a body around an axis or a point

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19
Q

angular momentum (definition + equation + key point)

A
  1. the quantity of rotation of a body/object
  2. angular momentum = angular velocity x moment of inertia
  3. will remain constant
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20
Q

angular velocity

A

the rate at which a body rotates around an axis (speed of rotation)

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21
Q

moment of inertia

A

resistance of a body to change state when rotating (how performer distributes their mass around their axis of rotation)

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22
Q
  1. when angular velocity increases, moment of inertia…
  2. when angular velocity decreases, moment of inertia…
A
  1. decreases
  2. increases
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23
Q

angular displacement definition

A

the change in angular position of a body

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24
Q

angular displacement triangle

A

angular displacement (rad) = angular velocity (rad/s) x time (s)

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25
Q

angular acceleration (definition + equation)

A
  1. the rate at which angular velocity changes over time
  2. angular acceleration = change in angular velocity / time
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26
Q

moment of inertia can be influenced by….(2)

A
  1. mass of object - larger mass, larger moment of inertia
  2. distribution of mass away from axis of rotation - further away, greater moment of inertia
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27
Q

projectile definition

A

an object or body that’s released into the air

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28
Q

trajectory definition

A

the flight path of a projectile that consists of two components

29
Q

two velocity components

A

vertical + horizontal

30
Q

factors that affect trajectory (6)

A
  1. angle of release
  2. speed/velocity of release
  3. height of release
  4. gravity
  5. air resistance
  6. weight
31
Q

angle of release

A
  1. 45 degrees is optimum
  2. affects both velocity components
  3. varies depending on sport
32
Q

speed/velocity of release

A
  1. greater velocity, greater horizontal displacement
  2. largely determined by muscle force
  3. refers to law of acceleration
33
Q

height of release

A
  1. greater height of release, greater horizontal displacement
34
Q

gravity

A
  1. affects vertical component
  2. 9.82m/s^2
35
Q

air resistance + factors affecting air resistance

A
  1. affects both components

factors:
1. surface area
2. type of surface
3. speed
4. mass

36
Q

weight

A

mass x gravity

greater mass of object, greater influence of gravity upon it

vertical component

37
Q

parabolic vs non-parabolic

A

parabolic - symmetrical
non-parabolic - non symmetrical

38
Q

aerofoil

A

an object where the air flow travels further over the top of the projectile than the air passing underneath

39
Q

bernoulli principle

A

refers to the lift force and downforce created when air flows over an aerofoil

40
Q

upward lift force

A

top:
further
faster
lower

bottom:
shorter
slower
higher

pressure differential - causes lift

41
Q

application of upward lift force

A

discus can hang in the air for longer resulting in an increased horizontal displacement/discus thrown further

42
Q

downforce

A

top:
shorter
slower
higher

bottom:
further
faster
lower

pressure differential - downforce

43
Q

application of downforce

A

rear wing
keeps car on floor so it can turn corners at high speeds, achieving the greatest lap time

44
Q

magnus effect

A

the bernoulli principle applied to spinning objects

45
Q

top spin

A

hit at top of ball
boundary layer forms

top:
collision with boundary layer
slower
higher

below:
smooth
faster
lower

pressure differential - magnus force down

46
Q

top spin application

A

pulls ball down
attacking shots
shortening flight path
high velocity shots whilst keeping ball in court
forces opponent to baseline

47
Q

back spin

A

hit off centre at bottom
boundary layer formed

above:
smooth
faster
lower

below:
collision with boundary layer
slower
higher

pressure differential - magnus force up

48
Q

back spin application

A

defensive shot
lengthens flight path
ball hangs in air for longer so player can get back into position for next shot

49
Q

fluid friction

A

used when referring to objects moving through fluids

50
Q

air resistance

A

the force that opposes the horizontal motion of a body whilst moving through the air

51
Q

drag

A

a force that opposes the motion of an object through fluid or air - slows velocity

52
Q

factors that affect drag (5)

A
  1. front cross sectional area
  2. surface properties
  3. velocity of object
  4. surface area in contact with water
  5. mass of object
53
Q

strategies to reduce drag

A
  1. cross sectional area:
    swimming: head down, toes/fingers pointed, high on water
    cycling: sat down, head forward
    increases streamlining - laminar flow
  2. surface properties:
    swimming: swim cap, skin tight costume, shaving - increase smoothness
    cycling: skin tight clothes, tapered goggles
  3. surface in contact with water:
    rotational technique
    stay high above water
54
Q

surface drag

A

skin friction/skin drag
refers to friction between surface and fluid environment
roughness of surface increases drag

55
Q

form drag

A

shape drag/profile drag
when air/water come into contact with object
pressure on front is high, pressure at back is low

56
Q

form drag application (cycling)

A
  1. front cyclist creates a pocket of air behind them
  2. riders behind conserve energy
  3. all riders conserve energy because theres less turbulent flow behind each rider
  4. slip streaming
57
Q

laminar flow

A
  1. streamlined shape increases this
  2. fluid moves smoothly
58
Q

turbulent flow

A
  1. less streamlining increases turbulent flow
  2. irregular fluctuations
  3. changes in direction
59
Q

technology impacts four populations

A
  1. performer
  2. spectator
  3. officials
  4. coach
60
Q

how and when can technology be used for performer

A
  1. pre, during, post
  2. target key aspects in training
  3. analysis of performance
  4. analysis of opposition

support them with:
training
technique
equipment and clothing
enhance recovery management

61
Q

how and when can technology be used for coaches/sport scientists

A
  1. performance monitoring and analysis
  2. biomechanical analysis
  3. quantitative data
  4. nutritional monitoring
  5. recovery management
  6. communication and collaboration
62
Q

how and when can technology be used for officials

A
  1. communication - between officials or with spectators
  2. helps with fair decision making
  3. reduces pressure on officials
63
Q

how and when can technology be used for spectators

A
  1. camera coverage - provide different angles
  2. statistical information
  3. interactive software - more engaging
  4. digital media - follow a wide range of sports
  5. social media - personal link to sports people
64
Q

additional points about technology

A

increased:
-access
-facilities
-equipment
-monitoring of exercise
-safety

reduced participation due to:
-cost
-alternatives (consoles e.g)

65
Q

advantages and disadvantages of technology for coaches

A

advantages:
1. enhanced analysis
2. improved training
3. injury prevention
4. improved tracking
5. remote coaching
6. precision training

disadvantages:
1. technical issues
2. dependency on technology
3. information overload
4. cost and accessibility

66
Q

advantages and disadvantages of technology for performers

A

advantages:
1. performance enhancement
2. improved training feedback
3. injury prevention
4. motivation and engagement

disadvantages:
1. performance pressure
2. privacy concerns
3. overdependence

67
Q

advantages and disadvantages of technology for officials

A

advantages:
1. enhanced decision making
2. increased communication
3. increased accuracy
4. training opportunities
5. increased transparency

disadvantages:
1. disruption of flow
2. controversy and interpretation
3. undermines official’s authority
4. cost and implementation challenges

68
Q

advantages and disadvantages of technology for spectators

A

advantages:
1. enhanced viewing experience
2. increased engagement
3. access to information

disadvantages:
1. overcommercialisation
2. distraction
3. accessibility issues

A2 Physical Education (5 decks)

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