sport and society

Question 1

List some of the characteristics of sports that were played in the pre-industrial Britain

Answer 1

Violent, unwritten rules, wagering, local and irregular

Question 2

What is meant by social and cultural factors?

Answer 2

Social and cultural factors are traditions, beliefs, and ways of living for different groups of people in society

Question 3

List a number of sports in pre- industrial Britain that those from the lower class would participate in.

Answer 3

Shin kicking
Knuckle fighting
Smock racing
Foot racing
Pedestrianism
Mob football

Question 4

List a number of sports in pre- industrial Britain that those from the upper class would participate in.

Answer 4

Real tennis
Cricket
Swimming
Croquet
Fox hunting

Question 5

Explain why time availability influenced which sports different classes participated in (pre- industrial Britain)

Answer 5

The lower class were made to work long hard hours and therefore they did not have the time to take part as they were busy working, were often too exhausted from a long day and had no leisure time during daylight hours. so often they would take part in mass events on holy days when they did not work. However the upper class had a lot of time available and could take part in time-consuming activities such as hunting and Cricket

Question 6

Explain why the availability of money influenced which sports the different classes participated in (pre- industrial Britain)

Answer 6

Those born into wealth did not need to work in order to get money, whereas those without money were forced to work to provide for their families. Furthermore, money influenced the equipment and facilities that could be bought. for instance, buying racquets and balls for the real tennis on a court, compared to shin kicking which required no equipment

Question 7

Explain the differences between the sports men and women took part in pre-industrial britain.

Answer 7

Men took part in violent sports which reflected society during this period
Men from the lower class took part in mob football whereas the upper class played real tennis and hunted
Women competed in less strenuous activities such as bat and ball games and smok races
They had fewer rights in society, so didn’t have much choice in the activities they took part in.

Question 8

Suggest why women in pre industrial Britain did not take part in in the same sports as and activities as men.

Answer 8

Because it was deemed women were physically incapable of taking part in strenuous activities; therefore, they would be take part in lighter activities such as lawn tennis, croquet and smock racing.

Question 9

Violent and bloody sports such as fox hunting, shin kicking, knuckle fighting, animal baiting and mob football took place in pre-industrial Britain.

Discuss why these sports were a reflection of the law

Answer 9

As there were no rules, policies, guidelines or consequences to such violence and cruelty, suggesting that law and order had little impact on society at the time, or that there was no authority with the status and power to control society as there is today. Therefore, law and order of the time allowed such activities to take place.

Question 10

Explain why level of education was irrelevant for those who took part in mob football in pre-industrial Britain.

Answer 10

Those who were illiterate were able to take part in games and activities such as mob football because the game had minimal rules and was quite unsophisticated, and, therefore, rules could be learnt quite

Question 11

Was real tennis popular among the lower class or upper class in pre-industrial Britain?

Justify your answer.

Answer 11

Real tennis was an exclusive activity for upper-class society. This is because the upper class had time available and facilities to play, money for equipment, and the intellect to understand the rules. It was a game recognised as superior due to its respectful manner, complex ability and skill required, and purpose-built facilities. One of the most famous courts is Henry VIII’s court at Hampton Palace

Question 12

Discuss any existing strategies that are used to prevent drop-out rates from elite development programmes.

Answer 12

There are a number of strategies in place that aim to prevent drop-out rates from elite development programmes; for example, Sport England developed the ‘start, stay and succeed’ initiative. Athletes are also given opportunities to seek advice, which may cover financial or psychological pressures. There is also an increased awareness of the importance of health and well-being, and this helps to improve motivation for those wanting to come back to sport to aid their physical and mental health.

Question 13

Name the national institutes of sport that exist in the UK.

Answer 13

Each country of the UK has its own national institute; these are called the English Institute of Sport (EIS), Scottish Institute of Sport, Welsh Institute of Sport and Sports Institute Northern Ireland.

Question 14

Identify the different types of support that the national institutes of sport give in developing sporting excellence

Answer 14

The support provided includes nutritional support, psychological support, sports science, quality coaching and quality sports facilitiesDiscuss the role of UK Sport in developing sporting excellence.

Question 15

Discuss the role of UK Sport in developing sporting excellence.

Answer 15

UK Sport aims to maximise performance of UK athletes in global events; it uses funding from the National Lottery to improve existing programmes for talent and development. It supports higher education to increase the number of students playing sport per week and lessen the number of students dropping sport when they leave school. It also supports research in scientific training and coaching and supports clean sports by implementing anti-doping programmes

Question 16

What is the role of national institutes for sport?

Answer 16

National institutes exist to provide support for elite athletes and provide a clear pathway for developing new elite athletes.

Question 17

Who are UK Sport and what do they do for sport in the UK?

Answer 17

UK Sport are a sports agency funded by the government and national lottery that invest in Olympic and Paralympic sport. They are responsible for recruiting the relevant personnel and providing the infrastructure needed to identify and nurture current and potential future gold-medal-winning athletes

Question 18

Identify the positive and negative impacts the media has on spectators.

Answer 18

There is an increased range of viewing opportunities which can enhance a greater understanding of sport in terms of knowledge and technique. However, this can result in fewer spectators at the stadiums, and may encourage people to watch rather than play

Question 19

Identify the positive impacts the media has on performers.

Answer 19

There is an increased potential to become a role model, increased earning potential and increased ability to promote the sport.

Question 20

Identify the negative impact the media has on performers.

Answer 20

The media can be stressful, resulting in pressure, particularly for those with the most potential to win. Female sports stars are sometimes viewed as fashion icons rather than being appreciated for their sporting talent.

Question 21

Identify the positive impacts the media has on individual sport.

Answer 21

Media increases the popularity of sport, increases the health and well-being benefits of sport, and can improve brands.

Question 22

Identify the negative impacts the media has on individual sport.

Answer 22

Minority sports receive less coverage, which leads to less money through spectatorship and participation.

Question 23

What are the disadvantages of taking illegal supplements for society?

Answer 23

The taking of illegal substances leads to fewer role models, especially if athletes have been caught when representing their country. Furthermore, if an athlete is not punished for this it could portray to society that doping and taking supplements is okay, thereby painting a negative picture of sport by suggesting that you have to cheat in order to make it to the top and win.

Question 23

Discuss the positive impact that commercialisation of sport has on spectators.

Answer 23

On the positive side, there is an increased range of viewing opportunities, allowing spectators to watch whenever and wherever they are including on demand, on mobile and on the news. Furthermore, there are plenty of opportunities for live sport at local, national and international level, which can increase well-being.

Question 23

Discuss the positive impact that commercialisation of sport has on spectators.

Answer 23

On the positive side, there is an increased range of viewing opportunities, allowing spectators to watch whenever and wherever they are including on demand, on mobile and on the news. Furthermore, there are plenty of opportunities for live sport at local, national and international level, which can increase well-being.

Question 23

State how sponsorship leads to advertising.

Answer 23

When the targeted player is wearing the product or brand on TV, it is being advertised to the world, which in turn can attract other people to that product or brand, particularly if that player is very popular with the crowds or is discussed in the highlights of the match.

Question 23

What is meant by the 'commercialisation of sport'?

Answer 23

Commercialisation is where sport is treated as a commodity to create profit.

Question 23

State how professionalism attracts sponsorship.

Answer 23

Professional players, particularly those most popular with the public or key members of teams such as captains, are targeted by large organisations to promote their brand, which will come with terms and conditions.

Question 23

What are the disadvantages of taking illegal supplements for the performer?

Answer 23

It can negatively impact health due to addiction and increased injury risk due to a higher pain threshold. It is regarded as cheating and can have negative consequences such as being fined and banned for years or for life, which can ruin an athlete's lifestyle, particularly if their sport is their main source of income.

Question 23

What are the disadvantages of taking illegal supplements for sport?

Answer 23

Taking illegal supplements and doping are against the ethics and morale of sport, and, therefore, go against fair play, unity, and appreciation of top athleticism. This may be off-putting for sponsors, who may be seen to be sponsoring a cheat or supporting a world-renowned event in which cheating is taking place.

Question 23

Why would an athlete want to take dietetics?

Answer 23

The benefits of dietetics are increased weight loss and masking of other banned substances taken.

Question 23

Name two sports in which athletes would benefit from taking dietetics.

Answer 23

Sports where a lower body mass is beneficial, such as horse racing, where it would benefit a jockey, or boxing, where it would benefit a boxer trying to achieve a particular weight category.

Question 24

Explain why some supplements are regarded as legal and can be taken by professional athletes.

Answer 24

Some supplements that come in the form of high levels of vitamins and minerals are legal as they are not considered to enhance sporting performance, but rather health.

Question 25

Provide examples of sources of legal supplements.

Answer 25

Legal supplements can be consumed in the form of energy bars, energy drinks, energy gels, powders and tablets, and include caffeine, protein shakes and creatine

Question 26

Explain why endurance athletes might use blood doping.

Answer 26

Blood doping is commonly associated with endurance events as an increase in red blood cells increases the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, thus improving aerobic performance.

Question 27

State some of the advantages of stimulants.

Answer 27

The advantages of stimulants are increased alertness, increased endurance, increased confidence, increased competitiveness and increased resistance to fatigue.

Question 28

Which Olympic Games were used to showcase the 'black power demonstration', where two black US athletes protested against the lack of equality in the country?

Answer 28

The black power demonstration was showcased at the 1968 Olympic Games at Mexico City.

Question 29

The Pierre de Coubertin medal is a special medal for athletes who portray the true spirit of sportsmanship. Define sportsmanship.

Answer 29

Sportsmanship is the respect given to the game and opponent, including adherence to official rules, displaying qualities of fairness and being gracious in defeat.

Question 30

In what year were the modern Olympics Games established?

Answer 30

The modern Olympic Games were established in 1896.

Question 31

What is the name of the French educator and historian who established the modern Olympic Games?

Answer 31

Baron Pierre de Coubertin

Question 32

List some of the aims of the Olympic Games

Answer 32

Some of the aims include: promoting qualities of the sport physically, ethically, morally and mentally; creating peace and harmony between countries, regardless of race, gender, religion across the world; encouraging effort; preserving dignity; educating children and adults about the importance of sport, including Olympic spirit and sportsmanship.

Question 33

Explain how the two Olympic Games held in Germany the Berlin 'Third Reich Ideology' 1936 Games and the Munich 1972 Games were used for political exploitation.

Answer 33

In the 1936 Games, Hitler and the Nazi Party wanted to promote their ideology to the rest of the world. Later, in 1972, a day before the Games began, eight terrorists captured 11 of Israel's athletes, to protest the release of 234 Palestinians imprisoned in Israel. They were all killed

Question 34

Suggest how amateurism and professionalism may reflect societal class in the twenty-first century.

Answer 34

Professionals in sports such as swimming, rugby, tennis and cricket tend to come from middle-class backgrounds. However, some sports, such as football, are often associated with having professionals from the working class. Nonetheless, this is slowly changing and is more evident in some sports than others, where a team of professionals can come from a mix of backgrounds, including working and middle classes.

Question 35

What are the Olympic Games?

Answer 35

The Olympic Games are an athletics competition consisting of Summer and Winter Games, held alternately every two years in a host country, where athletes from many countries compete in an array of sporting events.

Question 36

Where were the original, ancient Olympic Games held?

Answer 36

The original Olympic Games were held in Olympia, Greece

Question 37

Explain how the availability of time and money influenced sports participation throughout twentieth-century Britain.

Answer 37

The number of working hours in a week became more regulated and was finally legislated in 1998, which gave people more leisure time for sports participation. The rise in the number of occupations through technological and industry developments also created better paid jobs for more people, allowing a greater proportion of the population to afford regular participation and spectatorship.

Question 38

Identify the types of sports played by amateurs and professionals in twentieth-century Britain and explain the influence of social class on participation.

Answer 38

Upper/middle classes were associated with sports such as tennis and rowing, and tended to play amateur sports such as rugby union (in England and Scotland). Working classes were associated with professional sports such as football as they had a greater reliance on being paid in order to make time to participate.

Question 39

Explain the influence of gender on participation in sport throughout twentieth-century Britain.

Answer 39

The traditional role of women as housewives was changing and women became increasingly involved in sport (e.g. during WWI). PE in schools was introduced in 1918, and also increased female participation. Stereotypes were still present, which meant female participation was mainly limited to sports such as tennis and gymnastics.

Question 40

Explain the impact of the cult of athleticism in nineteenth-century public schools on the development of sport.

Answer 40

The cult of athleticism contributed to character building of public school boys and encouraged physical endeavour through sport and education. It helped to develop moral integrity and created the impetus for the formation of national governing bodies and rules for the sports being played.

Question 41

List four ways in which public schools contributed to the spreading and exportation of games and the games ethic.

Answer 41

Pupils were well educated in public schools, and, therefore, could read and understood written rules. Pupils would share games with friends after school. Pupils became factory owners and army officers, which created opportunities to develop teams and competitions. Some former pupils also worked across the Commonwealth, again providing opportunities to promote games.

Question 42

Suggest how some sports and activities changed in post-industrial Britain as a result of improved law and order.

Answer 42

Many bloody and violent sports were not participated in as much because law and order improved and, therefore, rules and regulations were introduced regarding cruelty and violence. This restricted or banned people from taking part in such sports, which meant they either did not play or played something else.

Question 43

Explain how education and literacy influenced sport participation in post-industrial Britain.

Answer 43

Education was more accessible to the working classes so they could become literate and, therefore, understand written rules of sport. School was also an opportunity to play games.

Question 44

Define professionalism in sport.

Answer 44

Professionalism is where a person is paid for their job; therefore, a sports professional is someone who gets paid to play sport and represent their team.

Question 45

What are the traditional differences between amateurism and professionalism?

Answer 45

Amateurism is where people play sport for the love, enjoyment, and social and health benefits, whereas professionalism is where, although people will somewhat still take part for the love, enjoyment, and social and health benefits, they get paid to play sport.

Question 46

Describe how the emergence of amateurism and professionalism influenced sports participation in post-1850 industrial Britain.

Answer 46

The lower class were professionals and the upper class were amateurs, which represents the social divide. Many of the upper class controlled the governing of sports and, therefore, restricted participation of the lower class in certain competitions.

Question 47

What is meant by the 'Industrial Revolution'?

Answer 47

'Industrial Revolution' is the term given to a period of time that witnessed significant change to society from the mid-eighteenth to mid-nineteenth century, where there were mass changes and transitions of manufacturing processes, where Britain became more industrial than agricultural, and people moved from rural areas to the new urban cities