Sport And Society Flashcards
1
Q
Feudal system definition
A
A way of structuring society around a relationship deprived from the holding of land in exchange for service of labour
2
Q
What is popular recreation
A
violent
unruly
involved gambling
alcohol consumption
occasional- holy days
Lower classes
3
Q
what are the characteristics of Mob football
A
male dominated
occasional
violent, bloody and spartan
lower class
rural
4
Q
What are the characteristics of Real Tennis
A
pre industrial activity
upper class/gentry
regular
specialised equipment
complex rules
sophisticated and etiquette
5
Q
What are the sociocultural factors in Pre industrial Britain (pre 1780)
A
Limited transport
Illiteracy
Hash society
Seasonal time
Two tier society
6
Q
What are the characteristics of Popular recreation
A
Pre industrial sport
lower class
local
rural
simple and unwritten rules
violent
played on holy days
7
Q
What are the negative effects of industrialisation (HITFOR)
A
Lack of…
Health and hygiene
Income
Time
Facilities
Overcrowding
Rights
8
Q
How has health and hygiene improved
A
Its a result of improved living conditions and public baths which stopped the spread of disease and improved health
9
Q
How has an Increase in wages and time for sport improved
A
Due to factory acts and Saturday half day act it decreases the working hours that allow for them to have more time for sport
10
Q
How has the new middle class improved pre industrial society
A
It changed the way sport was played as they introduced a moral code, strict rules, leagues and broken payments
11
Q
How has the values of athleticism improved from the pre industrial era
A
The values of athleticism is Trying your best in the spirit of fair play. Physical endeavour with moral integrity
12
Q
How has ex public school boys improved the pre industrial era
A
They spread the rules of sports via industries and churches
13
Q
How has industrial patronage improved the pre industrial society
A
Industrial patronage led to provision of recreation and sport- factory teams and day trips
14
Q
How has transport and communication improved from pre industrial Britain
A
The improvements in transport meant that railways allowed for spectators and players to travel to other towns and across the countryside. This meant that leagues were created and fixtures could be played non-local. Improvements in communication allows for fixtures to be published ahead of time and for one standardised set of rules to be spread to everyone playing the sport
15
Q
How did cheaper travel improve pre industrial society
A
It meant that participation and spectating became more accessible
16
Q
what is rational recreation
A
For the lower classes but designed by the middle class
well ordered
organised
controlled
17
Q
industrial patronage impact on the development of rational recreation
A
Factory teams were set up factory owners as a way of decreasing absenteeism and encouraging loyalty of the work force
18
Q
What is the transport revolutions impact on the development of rational recreation
A
improvement in transportation systems between 1700 and 1870 by canals, roads and railways
19
Q
What is the Muscular christianity impact on the development of rational recreation
A
A belief in patriotic duty, discipline, manliness, and the moral and physical beauty of athleticism
20
Q
What is broken time payments impact on the development of rational recreation
A
Pays workers to take time off work to compete in sport
21
Q
What is the Saturday half day acts impact on the development of rational recreation
A
Give working class men a half day off as an opportunity to play sport
22
Q
What are the impacts of the Transport Revolution
A
industrial revolution
movement of teams/spectators due to trains
improved access to different parts of the country
cheaper train travel
improved access to the countryside
23
Q
Urbanisation
A
Large numbers of people migrating from rural areas into towns and cities, seeking regular work in the factories
24
Q
what are the impacts of urbanisation
A
Lack of space
Large working class population
Loss of traditional sports
Change in working conditions
25
what are the impacts of the emergence of the Middle class
- Codification of a standardised set of rules for each sport
- Development of leagues and competitions
- Public provision ( development of parks and baths via philanthropists)
- Philanthropists provided money for working class to have a better life
- Increased leisure time (Saturday half day act)
- Professionalism
26
middle class definition
Formed as a result of urbanisation, they were self-made individuals who has some empathy for the working class
27
what are the factors affecting the development of NGB's
More league needed
Maintain of control among middle and upper classes
More fixtures required
More clubs forming
Maintain amateur ideal
Threats of professionalism and commercialism
Different public schools played different versions
Rules/codification required
28
What is NGB
National Governing Body is an organisation that governs and administers a sport on a national basis
29
What is the British empire
Colonies and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom
30
What are Diplomats
An official representing a country abroad. They took sports such as Rugby and Cricket with them
31
what are the clergy
The body of all people ordained for religious duties
32
What is the Municipal Reform Act
Resulted in providing funding for public facilities such as baths and parks and helped develop swimming as a sport for the working classes
33
What are the characteristics of rational recreation
Respectability (fair play)
Regionally/Nationally/Regular
Administration/Codification
Officials/Referees
Purpose built facilities
Skills/Tactics based
34
Amateur definition
A person who plays sport for the love of it and receives no financial gain
35
What are the amateur values
Manliness- robustness striving for physical endeavour
Appreciating the value of health and fitness
High moral integrity
36
What are the characteristics of a 19th century gentleman Amateur
Upper/middle class
Wealthy
Lots of free time
No desire to train to improve performance
High morality
Empathises on taking part/fair play/sportsmanship
37
What are the characteristics of a 19th century working class professional
Working class
Poor
Very little free time due to long working hours
Committed to train and perform as well as possible
Low morality- winning was alll that was important (cheat to win/bribes)
38
What were the positive aspects of a 19th century Amateur
- High status
- Elite sport dominated by upper class
- Code of amateurism (playing sport to rules)
- Code of ethics (playing sport to a high set of moral values)
- Social elite (love of it)
- Character building
- Regarded as the elite
39
What were the positive aspects of a 19th century Professional
- Broken time payments
- Paid according to their results so increase dedication to training
- Earnt more money playing sport than in the factories
- Employment in factory based on talent at sport
- Potential for social mobility created a determination to succeed
40
Key features of a modern day amateurs
- Lower status
- Some high level performers still not professional
- Blurring of amateur and professional distinctions- achievement based on merit
- Top level sport open to all
- Some receive finance for training expense- National Lottery
41
Key features of a modern day professional
- All classes can complete- social class not a barrier
- High rewards- media and sponsorship
- More time to train as full time job = better standards
- Celebrity status and positive role models
- Lots more spectators- more affordable travel
42
Rationalisation and development of Association football
- More leisure time
- Improved transport
- Increased professionalism
- More disposable income
- Social class links
- Increased organisation
- Bosmans Ruling
43
Emergence of elite female footballers in modern day
- Equal opportunities
- Increased media coverage
- More female role models
- More provision via school PE programme
- Increased approval encouragement via the FA
- More clubs forming
- Increase participation via more funding into the game
- More free time
44
What are the characteristics of lawn tennis (rationalisation and development)
- Originally called sphairiske and was played on a hourglass shaped court
- Middle class intervention led to private clubs
- Played by the middle class in suburban gardens
- Organised by the middle class
- Use of specialist equipment and rule books
- Played by males and females
- Public provision via public parks
45
What is Shamateurism
Modern day tennis
Amateurs taking illegal payments to play sport
46
Open Era
- Modern day tennis
- When professional tennis players were allowed to complete alongside amateurs and earn money
47
Women's Tennis Association (WTA)
Developed women only in the professional circuit in late 20th century providing ground-breaking opportunities for women to play at the top level
48
Rationalisation of track and field athletics
- Purpose built facilities due to urbanisation
- Class division still evident as WC still competed for money
- Exclusion clause attempted to separate modern athletics from the old corrupt form
- AAA (Amateur Athletic Association)
- AAC (Amateur Athletic Club)
49
What were the Wenlock games
Founded by Dr William Penny Brookes in 1850, they were a forerunner to the Modern Olympics Games, and included quoits, football, cricket, running and hurdles
50
Amateur Athletic Association (AAA)
Established 1880 withdrew the exclusion clause and opened up sport to everyone
51
Amateur Athletic Club (AAC)
Formed in 1866 by ex-public school boys who were gentleman amateurs. It excluded mechanics, artisans, labours and any one earning money from running. Brought respectability no wagering, fair play and courage.
52
Diamond League
- Led to the emergence of women in modern day track and field athletics
- Enabled female athletes to compete and earn money from competing
53
Golden Triangle
Refers to the relationship between SPORT, BUSINESS and MEDIA
54
Characteristics of Commercial sport
- Professional sport
- Sponsorship and business
- Entertainment
- Contracts
- Athletes as commodities
- Wide media coverage
55
What is Commercialism
Process of attempting to gain money from an activity (e.g. Sport)
56
What is Sponsorship
When a company pays for their products to be publicly displayed or advertised in an attempt to raise scale of the goods
57
Merchandising
Practice in which the brand or image from one product is used to sell another (e.g. professional teams promote various products)
58
Effects of Commercialisation on sport
- Rules and scoring systems have been changed to speed up action and prevent boredom
- Breaks are provided in play so sponsors can advertise their products and services
- Competition formats have changed
- Sports played by women can attract less viewers which can negatively affect participation and viewing. Fewer female role models and therefore money
- Increase in technology has led to a more personal experience for the viewer
59
Effects of Commercialisation on the performer
- Revive high incomes fro sports participation
- Paid for successful results- winning is important
- Can be put under pressure to perform when injured
- Need to specialise in order to compete which requires dedication, training and self-sacrifice
- Are effectively entertainers who became household names
- Controlled by the sponsor, become public commodities and suffer from lack of privacy
60
What is globalisation
Process whereby nations are increasingly linked together and people are becoming more independent via improvements in communication and travel
61
What are the characteristics or globalisation
- Sponsorchip events Eg. Coca Cola
- The way players are recruited to play for teams in countries other than their own
- Spreading of different sports to 'new' nations
- Increasing pressure on performers to perform at their best- may cheat/illegal substances to gain the accompanying rewards that come with winning
62
What is Social media
Online apps and website which allow users to interact by sharing content and taking part in social networking
63
Society definition
An organised group of pole associated for some specific purpose or with a common interest
64
Socialisation definition
A lifelong process where members of society learn its norms, values, ideas, practices and roles in order to take their place in society
65
Internalisation definition
The learning of values or attitudes that are incorporated within yourself
66
Primary socialisation definition
During the early years of childhood which take place with the immediate family
67
Secondary socialisation definition
Occurs during later years when the family is less involved and other agencies are deliberately set up for the socialisation process- schools
68
Gender socialisation definition
Act of learning to confirm to culturally identified gender roles through socialisation
69
Social control definition
A concept that refers to the way in which peoples thoughts, feelings, appearance and behaviour are regulated in social systems
70
Social change definition
An alteration in the social order of society
71
Inequality definition
The unfair situation where resources opportunities are distributed unevenly within a society
72
Social issues definition
Problems that can affect many people in society
73
What are the consequences of inequality (MR MC)
Money (lack of money to participate- expensive)
Role models (lack of role models to aspire to as participants- Eg. coaches, leaders, athletes etc )
Myths (/stereotypes in some sections of society about the capabilities of women, EM, disabled people)
Confidence (lack of confidence or self-esteem)
74
Social stratification definition
A type of social inequality where society is divided into different levels on the basis of a social characteristics, such as wealth or status
75
Social Class definition
A term used to define social inequalities i.e certain groups have more access to wealth, income, and power than other. Factors which contribute to social class include a persons job, family background, education and income
76
Social Action Theory definition
A way of viewing socialisation, emphasising social action
77
Prejudice definition
To form an unfavourable opinion of an individual, often based on inadequate facts
78
Discrimination definition
The unfair treatment of a person or, minority group to make a distinction and act on a prejudice
79
Stereotyping definiton
A standardised image; making simple generalisations about all members of a group which allows others to categories and treat them accordingly
80
What are the barriers to participation
Lack of time
Negative social influences, poor PE experiences
Lack motivation
Lack of skill
Lack resources/ cost of participation
Family obligations/ domestic responsibilities
81
Equal opportunities definition
The right to access the same opportunities, regardless of factors such as race, age, sex, mental or physical capabilities
82
What are the solutions to the barriers of participation
- Add physical activity to a daily routine
- Invite family and friends to exercise with you, join a group where physical activity is important part
- Invite a friend to exercise with you on a regular basis
- Select activities that require little or no skill (walking/running)
- Select activities that require few facilities/limited equipment
- Exercise with the children- go for a walk/swim or play
83
What are the individual benefits of the social action theory
- Increased health and fitness, lower body weight, lower blood pressure, higher self-esteem
- Improved social skills ; improves ability to develop friendships
- More positive use of time
- Increased positivity at work and lower absenteeism
- Increase spending on healthy pursuits
84
What is the social action theories benefits on society
- Less strain on the NHS, lower obesity levels
- Increased community integration, improved community moral
- Lower crime statistics
- Workplace/employer benefits as less time off work/higher productivity rates
- More money put into the economy via leisure spend
85
Disability definition
A term used when impairment adversely affects performance
86
Integration definiton
Able bodies and disabled people taking part in the same activity at the same time (Eg. London marathon)
87
Segregation definition
People with disabilities participating separately among themselves Eg. Paralympics
88
Infographics definition
A visual representation of information, data or knowledge intended to present information quickly and clearly
89
What are the disability barriers to participation
- Negative self image/ Lack of confidence
- Low incomes/ Cost of participation
- Lack of access to and around facilities- narrow hallways, no lift etc
- Lack of organised programmes
- Low levels of media coverage so fewer role models
- Lack of specialist clubs, coaches and competitions to access
- Myths or stereotypes about capabilities of people with disabilities
90
What are the solutions to disabled barriers to participation
- Providing more opportunities for success, helping talented athletes each the highest levels possible (Paralympics)
- Improvement in technology
- Increased investment disabled sport- subsidise
- Providing transport to facilities, improved access to and around facilities- wider halls, low desks, ramps etc
- Training of more specialist coaches, setting up more clubs
- Educating people of myths and stereotypes and challenging inappropriate attitudes
91
Race definition
The physical characteristics of an individual
92
Racism definition
A set of beliefs or ideas based on the assumption that races have distinct hereditary characteristics that give some races an intrinsic superiority over others; it may lead to physical or verbal abuse
93
What are ethnic groups
People who have racial, religious, or linguistic traits in common
94
stacking definition
The disproportionate concentration of ethnic minorities in certain positions in a sports team, which tends to be based on the stereotype that they are more valuable for their physicality than their decision making and communication qualities
95
Chanelling definition
Ethnic minorities may be pushed into certain sports and even certain positions within a team, based on assumptions about them
96
What is the Rooney Rule
Requires national Football teams in the USA to interview minority candidates for head coaching and senior football operation jobs
97
What are the ethnicity barriers of participation
- Conflict with religious/ cultural observances
- Higher value placed on education as opposed to sporting participation
- Fear of racism/ prejudice and discrimination
- Fewer role models to aspire to particularly in managerial/coaching roles
- Stereotyping/ attempt at channelling
- Language barriers may exist
98
what are the solutions to low levels of ethnic participation in sport
- Ensuring there is single sex provision. Ensuring provision PE programmes is appropriate for all ethnic preferences kit etc
- Highlighting successful elite ethnic minority performers
- Publicsing and punching any racist abuse Eg. FA with Suarez and Evra
- Organising campaigns against racism in sport such as 'Kick it out' campaign
- Training more ethnic minority coaches, teachers and sports leaders and educating them on the effects of stereotyping
99
What are the barriers for women participation run sport
- Stereotypical myth
- Less media coverage
- Fewer role models
- Fewer sponsorship opportunities
- Negative impact of school PE programmes \
- Lack of fitness
- Lack of leisure time
- Lack of disposable income
- Channelling into certain sports
- Fewer leagues/ competitions
100
what are the solutions to the barriers causing lo participation rate in women's sport
- Introduce laws that make sex discrimination unlawful (1975)
- Encourage greater social acceptance of women having jobs/careers. Disposable income
- Encourage shared domestic responsibility creating more time for women
- Increase media coverage of women's sports
- Provide more opportunities for women to join sports clubs
- Provide education to debunk stereotypes
- Make changing rooms/ sports facilities as clean as possible
- Use social networking to create friendships with likeminded individuals
- The work of organisations such as Women in sport
101
What are the health benefits to raising participation in sport
- Decreased risk of heart disease/ stroke
- Avoidance of high/low blood pressure
- Decreased risk of Type 2 diabetes
- Decreased risk of obesity
- Strengthening bones and muscles/ decreased risk of osteoporosis
- Improved mental health an stress management
- Decreased risk of some cancers
102
What are the Fitness benefits to raising participation in sport
- Improved body shape
- Improved CV fitness
- Improved posture
- Improve muscular strength and endurance
- Improved flexibility
- Improved agility and coordination
- Improved reaction time
103
What are the social benefits to raising participation in sport
- Raised levels of serotonin and endorphins that have a calming effect and improve happiness
- Improved sleep patterns which enhances mood and relationships
- Boost of mood helps concentration levels, so allows a clear focus on relationships
- As social emotional health improves, so does confidence/ self-esteem and so likelihood of improvement in sport/exercise increases
- Sport/ exercise introduces us to people who share common interests and helps develop new friendships and relationships
104
Gender definition
The biological aspect of a person, either male or female
105
Sexism definition
The belief that one sex is inferior to the other usually women
106
How does the Get equipped scheme increase participation in disabled people
Funding scheme aimed at providing disabled performers with the specialist equipment required to engage in sporting activity
107
How did Sport England and local partners aim to increase participation in underrepresented groups
- County Sports Partnerships
- English Federation of Disability Sport
- Sporting Equals
- Women in Sport
- Street Games
108
How did Sport England and local partners aim to increase participation in women
- I will if you will
- Active Women Projects
- Breeze
- Back to Netball
- This Girl Can
109
What is Whole Sport Plans
A business plan/ document submitted to Sport England outlining each National Governing Bodies strategies to grow participation and enhance talent over a 4 year period
