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A-level Pe Y1 > Anatomy And Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Myogenic definition

A

The capacity of the heart to generate its own impulses

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2
Q

what is the SAN (Sino Atrial Node)

A

Hearts pacemaker which generates the heartbeat

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3
Q

What is the AVN (AtrioVentricular Node)

A

Relays the impulses between atriums and ventricular chambers of the heart

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4
Q

What is the Bundle of HIS

A

They transmit electrical impulses from the AVN to the ventricles

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5
Q

What are purkinje fibres

A

muscle fibres that conduct impulses in the walls of the ventricles

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6
Q

What is ventricular systole

A

When the ventricles of the heart contract

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7
Q

How does the heart beat (6 steps)

A

Impulse
SAN
AVN
Bundle of HIS
Purkinje Fibres
Ventricular systole

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8
Q

What is cardiac hypertrophy

A

The thickening of the muscular wall of the heart so it becomes bigger and stronger in order to increase stroke volume

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9
Q

What does the CNS (central nervous system) consist of

A

Brain and spinal cord

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10
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system do

A

speeds up the heart rate via the release of the stress hormone adrenaline

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11
Q

what does the parasympathetic nervous system do

A

Slows down the heart rate via Vegas nerve and the release of the hormone acetylcholine

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12
Q

what is the medulla oblongata

A

part of the brain that regulates processes

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13
Q

what do chemoreceptors do

A

detect change in carbon dioxide levels or change in pH (blood acidity)

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14
Q

what do proprioceptors do

A

detect changes in muscle movement

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15
Q

what do baroreceptors do

A

detect change in blood pressure

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16
Q

what is adrenaline

A

it is a stress hormone that is released before and during exercise to increase/speed up heart rate

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17
Q

what is Anticipatory Rise

A

Increase in heart rate before exercise due to the release of adrenaline

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18
Q

How to increase the heart rate during exercise (7 steps)

A

-Exercise
-increase in CO2
-detected by chemoreceptors
message to the medulla (C.C.C)
-Increase impulses to Sympathetic nervous system- adrenaline
-Decrease impulses to Parasympathetic nervous system- Vagus nerve
-Increase in Heart rate

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19
Q

Definition of stroke volume

A

The amount of blood pumped out each beat through the heart

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20
Q

Definition of Cardiac output

A

The amount of blood pumped out of the heart in one minute

Cardiac output (Q) = Stroke Volume (SV) x Heart Rate (HR)

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21
Q

Definition of Heart rate

A

Beats per minute (BPM)

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22
Q

How to work maximum heart rate

A

220 - Age

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23
Q

What is heart rate range

A

resting heart rate to max heart rate

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24
Q

Definition of ejection fraction

A

Percentage of blood ejected out of the left ventricle per beat

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25
Q

Definition of Bradycardia

A

Decrease in heart rate back to below 60 bpm

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26
Q

What is heart disease

A

Refers to as coronary heart disease as it occurs when a build up of fatty deposits occurs and block the coronary arteries, therefore stopping oxygen from being supplied to the heart

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27
Q

What is the impact of heart disease

A

This can cause a blood clot which blocks the oxygen from being transported, which will result in a heart attack and in some cases death

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28
Q

what is high blood pressure

A

Is the force exerted by the blood against the blood vessel walls, this pressure comes from the heart pumping blood arounf=d the body

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29
Q

What is the impact of high blood pressure

A

High blood pressure puts extra strain on the heart and arteries. If untreated it could lead to a heart attack, heart failure, kidney disease, a stroke or dementia

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30
Q

what are Cholesterol levels

A

HDL- transports excess cholesterol in the blood back to the liver where it is broken down. Classed as ‘Good’ cholesterol since it lowers the risk of developing heart disease

LDL- transports cholesterol in the blood to the tissues and is classed as ‘bad’ cholesterol

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31
Q

What is the impact of high LDL cholesterol levels

A

Increase the chances of having heart disease

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32
Q

What is a stroke

A

The brain needs a constant supply of oxygen. A stroke occurs when the oxygenated blood supply is cut off

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33
Q

What is the impact of a stroke

A

If the brain doesn’t get a constant supply of oxygen it causes damage to the brain cells so they start to die, this can lead to brain injuries, disabilities and sometimes death

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34
Q

How to prevent high blood blood pressure, bad cholesterol levels, strokes and heart disease

A

Regular aerobic exercise
healthy balanced diet
no smoking or heavy drinking

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35
Q

How to prevent high blood pressure, bad cholesterol levels, strokes and heart disease

A

Regular aerobic exercise
healthy balanced diet
no smoking or heavy drinking

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36
Q

What are the causes of smoking regularly on a persons health

A

Irritates the trachea and bronchi
Reduces Lung function
Increases breathlessness
Swelling of the airways
Cilia cells get damaged so mucus builds up
Smokers cough
Damages Alveoli- effects gaseous exchange
Inefficient gaseous exchange

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37
Q

What is Starlings law

A

The greater venous return the greater force of contraction

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38
Q

What is the process of starling’s law (7 steps)

A

Exercise
increased venous return
diastolic filling
cardiac muscle stretched
greater force of contraction
increase ejection fraction
increase in stroke volume

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39
Q

what is cardiovascular drift

A

when we reach a steady state we assume our heart rate levels out but it raises slightly

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40
Q

Cardiovascular drift flow chart (11 steps)

A

Exercise (10+ mins)
sweat
decreased in blood plasma
decrease in venous return
decrease diastolic filling
decrease stretching of the cardiac walls
Less force of contraction
Decreased stroke volume
Increased heart rate to maintain cardiac output
Increase in stroke volume

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41
Q

Definition of venous return

A

The return of blood to the the heart via the vena cava

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42
Q

what does the skeletal muscle pump do

A

When the muscles contract/relax they change shape which presses on the nearby veins and causes a pumping action, squeezing the blood back towards the heart

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43
Q

what does the respiratory pump do

A

When the chest cavity contracts/relaxes during inhalation and exhalation it cayuses pressure on the nearby veins and assists blood return

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44
Q

What does the heart suction pump

A

As the heart carries out its systole and diastole phase it pumps the blood quicker to the heart

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45
Q

What do pocket valves do

A

Prevents backflow to ensure that blood goes in one direction

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46
Q

How does gravity aid venous return

A

Helps the blood return to the heart from the body

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47
Q

How does smooth muscles aid in venous return

A

A very thin smooth muscle in the walls of the veins. This helps squeeze blood back towards the heart

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48
Q

Definition of hemoglobin

A

Found in red blood cells that attach with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin

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49
Q

Definition of Myoglobin

A

Protein that is stored in the muscle and it dissociates/takes oxygen from hemoglobin as it has a higher affiliation for oxygen

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50
Q

Definition of mitochondria

A

Protein which provides energy for respiration

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51
Q

What is the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation

A

Is a ‘s’ shape curve that shifts to the right

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52
Q

What happens to the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve at the lungs

A

The percentage saturation of haemoglobin is always 100% (4 molecules) and will not change rest to exercise

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53
Q

What happens to the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve at the muscle during exercise

A

At the muscle, oxygen is released from oxyhaemoglobin due to the lower pressure of oxygen in the muscle. The oxygen dissociates from oxyhaemoglobin as myoglobin has higher affinity for oxygen, which is taken to the mitochondria

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54
Q

What is the Bohr shift

A

During exercise the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve (‘s’ shape), shifts to the right as muscles demand more oxygen from haemoglobin occurs more readily

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55
Q

What are the three factors that affect Bohr shift

A
  1. Increase in blood temperature
  2. PCO2 increases
  3. pH lowers due to CO2
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56
Q

What is the vascular shunt mechanism

A

During exercise the skeletal muscles need more oxygen so blood is redistributed there to meet the increase demand for respiration

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57
Q

Where does the blood go during vascular shunt

A

Skin- more blood to the skin to cool body down as radiation occurs because heat radiates away from the body (cheeks go red)

Brain- oxygenated blood supply stays the same as the brain needs a constant supply of oxygen exercise or rest

Heart- heart is a working muscle so if its working harder it needs more oxygen to beat faster

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58
Q

What is the vascular shunt process (9 steps)

A

Exercise
Increase in CO2
Detected by chemoreceptors
Medulla
Vasomotor Centre
Sympathetic nervous system
Pre capillary sphincters
Vasodilation
Vasoconstriction- non essential organs

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59
Q

Definition of Vasoconstriction

A

Gets narrower to restrict blood flow to the non essential organs during exercise

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60
Q

Definition of Vasodilation

A

Gets wider to increase the amount of blood flow to the working muscles and essential organs during exercise

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61
Q

Definition of Arterio-Venous difference (AVO2-diff)

A

The difference in oxygen content between the arterial blood and venous blood

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62
Q

What is the AVO2-diff at rest

A

Low

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63
Q

What is AVO2-diff during exercise

A

High

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64
Q

What is the pathway of air

A

Nose
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli

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65
Q

Definition of gaseous exchange

A

Oxygen to the lungs so it can diffuse into the blood to be transported to the cells and the removal of carbon dioxide from the capillary to the alveoli

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66
Q

Definition of Diffusion

A

Movement of gas (CO2 and O2) from a area of a high concentration to a low concentration

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67
Q

What are the characteristics of capillaries (5)

A

Moist
One cell thick- Slow (max diffusion)
Semi permeable membrane
Large surface area
vast amounts of capillaries

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68
Q

What happens during gaseous exchange at the alveoli

A

The partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli is higher than the PO2 in the blood capillary so the oxygen moves from the alveoli to the capillary due to a high concentration gradient. The PCO2 in the alveoli is low and the PCO2 in the capillary is high. Due to the movement from an area of high concentration to a low concentration carbon dioxide moves from the blood capillary to the alveoli.

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69
Q

What happens during gaseous exchange at the muscle

A

The oxygen will diffuse to the muscle as oxygen goes from a high concentration to a low concentration (muscle). In the muscle there is a higher PCO2 than in the capillary meaning the carbon dioxide moves from a high concentration (muscles) to a low concentration (capillary)

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70
Q

Definition of Tidal Volume and what happens to TV during exercise

A

Volume of air breathed in or out per breath

Increases during exercise

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71
Q

Define Inspiratory Reserve Volume and what happens to IRV during exercise

A

Volume of air that can be forcibly inspired after a normal breath

During exercise it Decreases

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72
Q

Define Expiratory Reserve Volume and what happens to ERV during exercise

A

Volume of air that can be forcibly expired after a normal breath

During exercise it decreases

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73
Q

Define Reserve Volume and what happens to residual during exercise

A

Volume of air that remains in the lungs after maximum expiration

During exercise it stays the same

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74
Q

Define Vital Capacity and what happens to VC during exercise

A

The greatest volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs after taking the deepest possible breath

During exercise there is no change

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75
Q

Define Minute Ventilation and what happens to MV during exercise

A

Volume of air breathed in or out per minute

Minute Ventilation (MV) = Tidal Volume (TV) x Frequency (F)

During exercise it Increases

76
Q

What are three factors involved in regulation of pulmonary ventilation

A

Neural control
Hormonal control
Chemical control

77
Q

What is the respiratory control centre

A

Located in the medulla and controls breathing rate

78
Q

What are the three muscles involved in pulmonary ventilation

A

Sternocleidomastoid
Scalene
Pectorals minor

79
Q

What is the Pulmonary Ventilation process (8 steps)

A

Exercise
Increase in carbon dioxide
Detected Chemoreceptors
Medulla
Respiratory control centre
Sympathetic Nervous system- Phrenic Nerve
Skeletal muscles to lift ribs up and out
Increase rate and depth of breathing

80
Q

what are the three muscle fibre types

A

slow oxidative
fast oxidative glycolytic
fast glycolytic

81
Q

What are the structural characteristics of Type 1 muscle fibre type (Slow oxidative) (7)

A

High density of capillaries
Small and red muscle fibre
High myoglobin quantity
Small Glycogen storage space
Small phosphate storage
Large Triglyceride storage space
High mitochondrial density

82
Q

what are the functional characteristics of the Type 1 muscle fibre type (Slow Oxidative)

A

Slow contractile speed
Low contractile force
High fatigue resistance
Low anaerobic capabilities
High aerobic capabilities

83
Q

what are the structural characteristics of the Type 2a muscle fibre type (Fast Oxidative Glycolytic)

A

Medium density of capillaries
Large and red muscle fibre
Medium myoglobin quantity
Large Glycogen storage space
Large phosphate storage
Medium Triglyceride storage space
Medium mitochondrial density

84
Q

what are the functional characteristics of the Type 2a muscle fibre type (Fast Oxidative Glycolytic)

A

Fast contractile speed
Medium contractile force
Medium fatigue resistance
High anaerobic capabilities
Medium aerobic capabilities

85
Q

what are the structural characteristics of the Type 2b muscle fibre type (Fast Glycolytic)

A

Low density of capillaries
Large and white muscle fibre
Low myoglobin quantity
Large Glycogen storage space
Large phosphate storage
Small Triglyceride storage space
Low mitochondrial density

86
Q

what are the functional characteristics of the Type 2b muscle fibre type (Fast Glycolytic)

A

Fast contractile speed
High contractile force
Low fatigue resistance
High anaerobic capabilities
Low aerobic capabilities

87
Q

What is the All or None Law

A

The muscle fibre can only be contracting or not

88
Q

Definition of Motor unit

A

The Motor neurone and the fibres it intervenes

89
Q

Neural control of muscular contraction

A
  • CNS sends impulses to muscles (action potential)
  • The strength and frequency determines the quantity of muscle that contracts, and the speed in which it contracts
  • When the AP threshold of a muscle is reached by Impulses, chemical processes occur at the neuromuscular junction and muscle fibres contract
  • When the CNS reduces/ stops frequency and strength of impulses, the action potential will drop below the required threshold, and the fibres will cease contracting
90
Q

Neuromuscular system

A
  • Nervous system and the muscles work together to allow movement
  • Changes prepare the body for exercise and allows for the changing demands of different intensities of exercise
  • Autonomic nervous system- SNS (fight & flight) and PNS (rest & relax)
91
Q

Definition of Wave Summation

A

Where there is a repeated nerve impulses with no time to relax, so a smooth, sustained contraction occurs, rather than twitches

92
Q

Definition of Spatial Summation

A

When the strength of a contraction changes by altering the number and size of the muscles motor unit

93
Q

How to increase the strength of contraction

A

Wave Summation
Spatial Summation

94
Q

PNF stretching

A
  • Passive stretch
  • Muscle spindle- leg is stretched to max
  • Activated stretch reflex (contract)
  • Isometric- 10sec hold
  • Activating GTO- Release tension
  • This overrides stretch reflex- Autogenic inhibition
  • Passive stretch- Increases range of movement

(Contract Relax Antagonist Contract)

95
Q

Muscle Spindles

A

Provides information to CNS about how fast and how far a muscle is being stretched

96
Q

Golgi Tendon Organs

A

Detect levels of tension in a muscle

97
Q

Definition Autogenic Inhibition

A

Where there is a sudden relaxation of the muscle in response to high tension. The receptors involved in this process are Golgi tendon organs

98
Q

Definition of a Motor neurone

A

nerve cells that transmit the brains instructions as electrical impulse to the muscles

99
Q

What is a neuromuscular junction

A

Where the motor neurone and the muscle fibre meet

100
Q

Give examples of isotonic muscular contractions

A

Eccentric
Concentric

101
Q

Definition of a eccentric muscular contraction

A

where muscles lengthen under tension. Acts as a brake helping control the movement during negative work

102
Q

Definition of a concentric muscular contraction

A

Where muscles shorten under tension

103
Q

Define a isometric muscle contraction

A

Muscles contract without lengthening or shortening, and as a result no movement occurs. (fixator/acting against a resistance)

104
Q

Name all the muscles in the body

A

Biceps
Deltoid
Pectorals
Abnormals
Hip flexors
Wrist Flexors
Obliques
Quadricep groups
Tibialis anterior

Trapezius
Latissimus Dorsi
Triceps
Wrist extensors
Gluteals
Hamstring group
Gastrocnemius
Soleus

105
Q

Name all the bones in the body

A

Cranium
Clavicle
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Pelvis
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Tarsals
Meta Tarsals
Phalanges
Scapula
Rib cage
Vertebre
Carpals
Meta Carpals
Fibula

106
Q

What movements happen at the hip and what type of joint is it

A

Ball and Socket joint

Flexion
Extension
Hyper extension
Adduction
Abduction
Horizontal adduction
Horizontal abduction

107
Q

What movements happen at the knee and what type of joint is it

A

Hinge joint

Flexion
Extension

108
Q

What movements happen at the elbow and what type of joint is it

A

Hinge joint

Flexion
Extension

109
Q

What movements happen at the ankle and what type of joint is it

A

Hinge joint

Plantar Flexion
Dorsi Flexion

110
Q

What movements happen at the shoulder and what type of joint is it

A

Ball and socket joint

Flexion
Extension
Adduction
Abduction
Horizontal adduction
Horizontal abduction

111
Q

Define agonist muscle

A

The muscle that is contracting is called the agonist

112
Q

Define antagonist muscle

A

The muscle that is relaxing or lengthening is called the antagonist.

113
Q

Define antagonistic muscle pairs

A

In an antagonistic muscle pair as one muscle contracts the other muscle relaxes or lengthens.

114
Q

Movement analysis at the hip, knee, ankle of jumping upwards

A

Extension at the Hip
Plantar flexion at the Ankle
Extension at the Knee

115
Q

Movement analysis at the hip, knee, ankle of kicking a ball in the preparation phase

A

Hyper extension at the Hip
Flexion at the Knee
Plantar flexion at the Ankle

116
Q

Movement analysis at the hip, knee, ankle of kicking a ball in the striking phase

A

Flexion at the Hip
Extension at the Knee
Plantar flexion at the Ankle

117
Q

Movement analysis at the shoulder and elbow of hitting/striking preparation phase eg. tennis serve

A

Horizontal hyper extension at the Shoulder
Extension at the Elbow

118
Q

Movement analysis at the shoulder and elbow of hitting striking phase eg. tennis serve

A

Horizontal flexion at the Shoulder
Flexion at the Elbow

119
Q

Movement analysis at the Hip, Knee and Ankle of the upwards phase of a squat

A

Concentric contractions

Extension at the Hip
Extension at the Knee
Plantar Flexion at the Ankle

120
Q

Movement analysis at the Hip, Knee and Ankle of the downwards phase of a squat

A

Eccentric contractions

Flexion at the Hip
Flexion at the the Knee
Dorsi flexion at the Ankle

121
Q

What is the rule for agonist muscles during upwards and downwards phases of muscle actions

A

The agonist on the downwards phaser is the same agonist for the upwards phase for each joint

122
Q

Movement analysis at the Elbow and Shoulder of the upwards phase of a press up

A

Concentric contraction

Extension at the Elbow
Horizontal Flexion at the Shoulder

123
Q

Movement analysis at the Elbow and Shoulder of the downwards phase of a press up

A

Eccentric contractions

Flexion at the Elbow
Horizontal extension at the Shoulder

124
Q

What are the 3 plane and axis pairings

A
  1. Frontal plane and Sagittal axis
  2. Sagittal plane and Transverse axis
  3. Transverse plane and Longitudinal axis
125
Q

What movements happen at Frontal plane and Sagittal axis

A
  • Adduction
  • Abduction

Eg. Cartwheel

126
Q

What movements happen at Sagittal plane and Transverse axis

A
  • Flexion
  • Extension

Eg. Kicking a ball or Diving

127
Q

What movements happen at Transverse plane and Longitudinal axis

A
  • Rotation
  • Horizontal adduction/ abduction

Eg. Arm swing (tennis)

128
Q

ATP splitting

A
  • Adenosine triphosphate
  • Enzyme ATPase breaks 3rd bond which produces energy to move
  • Left with Adenosine diphosphate and a free phosphate
  • Re-synthesise ATP
129
Q

ATP-PC system

A
  • Creatine kinase detects high levels of ATP
  • Breaks down PC- releasing energy
  • The energy is then used to convert ADP to ATP in a coupled reaction (1:1)
  • No fatiguing by products but runs out quickly
  • If want to work at high intensity for longer need to use anaerobic glycolysis as another course of energy to resynthesises ATP
130
Q

What is the intensity of the ATP-PC

A

HIGH

131
Q

What is the duration of the ATP-PC system

A

Short duration- (2-10 seconds)

132
Q

What is the activity that the ATP-PC uses its energy for

A

100m

133
Q

What are the enzymes involved in the ATP-PC system

A

Creatine kinase

134
Q

What is the fuel for the ATP-PC system

A

Phosphocreatine

135
Q

What is the net gain of ATP in the ATP- PC system

A

1:1

136
Q

What is the site of the ATP-PC system in the body

A

Sarcoplasm

137
Q

Advantages of the ATP-PC system

A

+ ATP can be resynthesised rapidly
+ No fatiguing by products
+ PC stores can be replenished quickly (50% in 30 seconds)

138
Q

Disadvantages of the ATP-PC system

A
  • Limited supply of PC- 10 seconds
  • 1:1
  • PC re-synthesise only tackle place with O2- Exercise intensity is reduced
139
Q

Anaerobic glycolysis energy system

A

Glycogen
| Glycogen phosphorylase
Glucose
| Phospofructokinase
Pyruvic acid
| Lactate dehydrogenase
Lactic acid

140
Q

What intensity of anaerobic glycolysis

A

High

141
Q

What is the duration of anaerobic glycolysis

A

10 sec - 3 min - Peaks at 1 min

142
Q

What activity does the Aerobic glycolysis predominately use its energy

A

400m

143
Q

What enzymes are involved in anaerobic glycolysis

A

Glycogen phosphorylase
Lactate dehydrogenase
Phosphofructokinase

144
Q

What fuel does the anaerobic glycolysis system use

A

Glycogen stored in muscles and liver

145
Q

What is the net gain of ATP in the anaerobic glycolysis system

A

2:1

146
Q

What is the sit of the anaerobic glycolysis system

A

Sarcoplasm

147
Q

Advantages of the anaerobic glycolysis energy system

A

+ ATP resynthesised quickly- few reactions, lasts longer than ATP-PC
+ Presence of oxygen lactic acid can be converted back to liver glycogen or used as fuel
+ Used for sprint finish- burst of energy

148
Q

Disadvantages of the anaerobic glycolysis energy system

A
  • Lactic acid as the by product denatured enzymes and prevents chemical reactions taking place
  • Only a small amount of energy can be released from glycogen under anaerobic conditions 5% (95%)
149
Q

Aerobic glycolysis energy system

A
  • Glycogen is converted into glucose by the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase
  • Glucose is converted to pyruvic acid by phosphofructokinase (net gain of 2ATP)
  • Pryuvic acid is carried in Aectylcoenzyme A which is combined with Oxaloacetic acid
  • Oxaloacetic acid makes citric acid which is then oxidised into the kerb cycle where lots of reactions take place
  • The kerb cycle releases carbon dioxide and water
  • H+ is carried by Hydrogen carriers down the electron transport chain
  • E- split from H+
  • This produces enough energy to resynthesise 34 ATP
150
Q

What is the intensity of aerobic glycolysis system

A

Low

151
Q

What is the duration of the aerobic glycolysis energy system

A

3 mins +

152
Q

What is the activity that the aerobic glycolysis system predominantly uses

A

Marathon

153
Q

What are the enzymes involved

A

Phosphofructokinase
Glycogen phosphorylase
Aectylcoenzyme A

154
Q

What is the fuel for the aerobic glycolysis system

A

Glycogen and Fats (triglycerides)

155
Q

What is the net gain of ATP of aerobic glycolysis

A

38 ATP

2ATP- Glycolysis
2ATP- Kreb cycle
34ATP- Electron transport chain

156
Q

What is the site of the aerobic glycolysis in the body

A

Mitochondria (matrix and cristol) and Sarcoplasm

157
Q

Advantages of aerobic glycolysis

A

+ More ATP can be produced- 38ATP
+ There are no fatiguing by products (CO2 and H2O)
+ Lots of glycogen and triglycerides store so exercise can last for a crime

158
Q

Disadvantages of aerobic glycolysis

A
  • Complicated system so can’t be used straight away. Takes a while for oxygen to become available to meet the demands of the activity and breakdown than glycogen
  • Fatty acid transportation to muscles is low and also requires 15% more oxygen to be broken down than glycogen
159
Q

The energy continuum

A

Type of respiration used by an activity. Anaerobic and Aerobic dependant on the intensity and duration of exercise

160
Q

Differences in ATP generation in slow twitch type 1 muscle fibres

A
  • Main pathway is aerobic
  • Produces the maximum amount of ATP = 38 ATP
  • Production is slow but fibres are more endurance based so less likely to fatigue
161
Q

Differences in ATP generation in fast twitch type 2x muscle fibre

A
  • Main pathway
  • ATP production in the absence of O2 isn’t efficient- only 2ATP
  • Production of ATP is fast but will not last for long as fibres have least resistance to muscle fatigue
162
Q

EPOC (Excess Post exercise Oxygen Consumption) definition

A

Volume of oxygen consumed above normal following exercise (during recovery)

163
Q

VO2 Max definition

A

Maximal volume of oxygen that can be taken up and used by the muscles per minute

164
Q

At rest what is the oxygen consumption

A

0.3-0.4 litres per minute

165
Q

What happens to the O2 consumption at the start of exercise

A

At the start of exercise we use more oxygen to provide ATP.
O2 consumption INCREASES

166
Q

What happens to the oxygen consumption as the intensity of exercise increases

A

As intensity increases so does oxygen consumption until we reach maximal O2 consumption (3-6 litres per min)

167
Q

What is the maximal O2 consumption (litres)

A

3 - 6 litres per min (L/min)

168
Q

Oxygen deficit

A

Occurs when there is not enough oxygen present at the start of exercise to supply enough ATP aerobically/ volume of oxygen needed to complete activity aerobically

169
Q

Oxygen Debt

A
  • Recovery involves returning the body to its pre exercise state
  • After performer completes exercise, O2 consumption remains quite high, due to extra oxygen needed to be taken in to help the performer recover
  • EPOC
170
Q

What are the two components of EPOC

A
  • Fast component- Alactacid
  • Slow component- Lactacid
171
Q

What is Alactacid (Fast component of EPOC) used for

A

Extra oxygen taken is used to;
- Restore ATP
- Restore PC
- Re saturate myoglobin with oxygen

172
Q

Alactacid (Fast component of EPOC)

A
  • 50% of PC stores in 30 seconds
  • 3 litres of oxygen
  • 2-3 mins
173
Q

What is Lactacid (Slow component of EPOC)

A
  • Removal of lactic acid (one hour or longer).
  • Pyruvate, converted to glycogen, converted to protein, removed in sweat and urine
  • Maintenance of breathing and heart rates
  • Helps all the processes repair quicker
  • Increases in body temp remains high then respiratory rates remain high which will help the performer take in more oxygen
174
Q

Lactacid (slow) role in Glycogen replenishment

A
  • Depends on the intensity
    Lactic acid is converted back
  • Converted to Glycogen via Cori cycle to liver and muscles
175
Q

The Cori cycle

A

The process where lactic acid is transported in the blood to the liver where it is converted to blood glucose and glycogen

176
Q

Altitude training definition

A

Usually done at 2500m + above sea level where the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) is lower

177
Q

Altitude training advantages for a elite performer

A

Elite performer has to do altitude training for several weeks for it to be effective
+ Increase in the number of red blood cells and the conc of haemoglobin
+ Increase in capillarisation and EPO
+ Increases lactate tolerance

178
Q

Altitude training disadvantages

A

First time it is difficult to train at the same intensity due to the reduction in partial pressure of oxygen

  • Loss of fitness or detraining
  • Altitude sickness
  • Benefits of this training can be lost very quickly on return to sea level
  • Body can only produce a limited amount of EPO
  • Homesickness (psychological problems- living away from home)
179
Q

High intensity interval training (HITT) definition

A

Involves short intervals of maximum intensity exercise followed by a recovery interval of low to moderate intensity exercise

Eg. 4 mins of intensity of intense exercise followed by 10 second rest intervals

180
Q

What are the 4 main variables used to make High intensity interval training (HITT) specific

A
  • The duration of the work interval
  • The intensity or speed of the work interval
  • The duration of the recovery interval
  • The number of work intervals and recovery intervals
181
Q

What are possible variations of High intensity interval training (HITT)

A
  • Different numbers of high intensity work intervals and low intensity recovery intervals
  • Different lengths of time for the work and recovery intervals
  • Different exercise intensity for the recovery interval (low or medium intensity)
182
Q

Benefits of HITT training

A

+ Pushing body to max during the work intervals increases the amount of calories you burn
+ Improves fat burning potential
+ Improves glucose metabolism
+ Improves both aerobic and anaerobic endurance

183
Q

Plyometric training definition

A

Involves repeated rapid stretching and contracting of muscles to increase muscle power

184
Q

Plyometric training process

A
185
Q

What does SAQ training stand for

A

Speed, Agility and Quickness

186
Q

SAQ (Speed, agility and Quickness) training

A

A-level Pe Y1 (3 decks)

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