Sport and Society

Question 1

Feudal System

Answer 1

A way of structuring society around a relationship derived from the holding of land in exchange for service or labour.

Question 2

Popular Recreation

Answer 2

The sports and pastimes associated with the lower classes in pre-industrial Britain.

Question 3

Industrial Revolution

Answer 3

Occurred in the mid-eighteenth to the mid-nineteenth centuries. This period marked a change in Britain from a feudal, rural society into an industrialised, machine-based, capitalist society, controlled by a powerful urban middle class.

Question 4

Industrial Patronage

Answer 4

Kind factory owners becoming “patrons of sport” for the working classes by providing support for them to participate in various ways.

Question 5

Urbanisation

Answer 5

Large numbers of people migrating/moving from rural areas into towns and cities, seeking regular work in the factories.

Question 6

Muscular Christianity

Answer 6

A Christian movement that emerged in mid-nineteenth century England and was characterised by a belief in manliness, the moral and physical beauty of athleticism, teamwork, discipline, and self-sacrifice.

Question 7

Philanthropists

Answer 7

Kind, generous, middle-class individuals who had a social conscience and were keen to try and provide a better life for the working class.

Question 8

Public Provision

Answer 8

Local council provision of facilities (e.g. sport/recreational) for the masses.

Question 9

Codification

Answer 9

The gradual organisation and definition of rule (e.g. for the actual playing of a sport, as well as the conduct and behaviour of participants).

Question 10

Amateur

Answer 10

Someone who plays sport for the love of it and receives no financial gain.

Question 11

Professional

Answer 11

Someone who plays sport for financial gain.

Question 12

Lawn Tennis

Answer 12

A sport played with racquets and a ball, originally call “Sphairistike” and played on an hourglass-shaped court before its name and court shape were quickly replaced.

Question 13

Bosman Ruling

Answer 13

A European Court of Justice decision made on 15th December 1995 concerning freedom of movement for workers. It allowed the free movement of labour in the European Union. It effectively allowed footballers within the EU to move at the end of their contract to another club without a transfer fee being paid.

Question 14

Open Era

Answer 14

When professional tennis players were allowed to compete alongside amateurs and earn money.

Question 15

Media

Answer 15

An organised means of communication by which large numbers of different people can be reached quickly.

Question 16

Commercialism

Answer 16

The process of attempting to gain money from an activity, e.g. sport.

Question 17

Sponsorship

Answer 17

When a company pays for it’s products to be publicly displayed or advertised, usually as an attempt to increase the sales of it’s goods.

Question 18

Globalisation

Answer 18

The process whereby nations are increasingly being linked together and people are becoming more interdependent via improvements in communications and travel.

Question 19

Society

Answer 19

An organised group of people associated for some specific purpose or with a shared common interest.

Question 20

Socialisation

Answer 20

A lifelong process whereby members of a society learn its norms, values, ideas, practices, and roles in order to take their place in society.

Question 21

Internalisation

Answer 21

The learning of values or attitudes that are incorporated within yourself.

Question 22

Social Processes

Answer 22

Forms of interaction between individuals and groups which occur again and again.

Question 23

Social Control

Answer 23

A concept that refers to the way in which people’s thoughts, feelings, appearance, and behaviour are regulated in social systems.

Question 24

Institutions

Answer 24

An established organisation founded for a religious, educational, professional, or social purpose.

Question 25

Social Change

Answer 25

An alteration in the social order of a society, i.e. significant changes in social behaviour and/or cultural values over time leading to long-term effects.

Question 26

Inequality

Answer 26

The unfair situation where resources or opportunities are distributed unevenly within a society.

Question 27

Social Issues

Answer 27

Problem/conflict which affects a considerable number of people in society (e.g. gender or disability discrimination, drug abuse and low activity patterns linked to health/obesity problems).

Question 28

Social Action Theory

Answer 28

A way of viewing socialisation emphasising the proactive role of people in shaping social life (i.e. social action).

Question 29

Progression

Answer 29

The process of gradually developing towards a more advanced state.

Question 30

Equal Opportunities

Answer 30

Treating people fairly; giving people the same chance (e.g. in relation to gender).

Question 31

Discrimination

Answer 31

The unfair treatment of a person or minority group; distinguishing and acting on prejudice.

Question 32

Prejudice

Answer 32

An unfavourable opinion of an individual or group, often based on inadequate facts (e.g. dislike of people from a specific race, religion, or culture).

Question 33

Stereotype

Answer 33

A standardised image/belief shared by society; a simple generalisation about all members of a group which allows others to categorise and treat them accordingly.

Question 34

Ethnic Groups

Answer 34

People who have racial, religious, or linguistic traits in common.

Question 35

Racism

Answer 35

A set of beliefs or idea based on the assumption that races have distinct hereditary characteristics that give some races an intrinsic superiority over others; it may lead to physical or verbal abuse.

Question 36

Race

Answer 36

The physical characteristics of an individual.

Question 37

Stacking

Answer 37

The disproportionate concentration of ethnic minorities in certain positions in a sports team, which tends to be based on the stereotype that they are more valuable for their physicality than their decision-making and communication skills.

Question 38

Channelling

Answer 38

Ethnic minorities may be pushed into certain sports, and even certain positions within a team, based on assumptions about them.

Question 39

County Sport Partnerships (CSPs)

Answer 39

National networks of local agencies working together to increase participation in sport and physical activity.

Question 40

Whole Sport Plan

Answer 40

A business plan/document submitted to Sport England outlining each national governing body’s strategies to grow sport participation and enhance talent over the four-year period the plan is in operation.