Sport and disability

Question 1

What is the medical model of disability?

Answer 1

Disability stems from the body of the individual

Question 2

What is physical impairment in the medical model?

Answer 2

‘any loss or abnormality of, psychological, physiological or anatomical structure or function’

Question 3

What is a disability in the medical model?

Answer 3

‘any restriction or lack of ability (resulting from impairment) to perform an activity in the manner or within the range considered normal for a human being’

Question 4

What is a handicap in the medical model?

Answer 4

‘disadvantage for a given individual, resulting from an impairment or a disability that limits or prevents the fulfillment of a role that is normal for that individual’

Question 5

What is the critique of the medical model?

Answer 5

Doesn’t work
What is ‘normal’?
Ignores the social – historical, cross-cultural variations

Question 6

What is the social model of disability?

Answer 6

. Disability is caused by barriers faced by disabled people in society
. Society disables people through stereotyping and marginalisation

Question 7

What is the critique of the social model?

Answer 7

. A macro-sociological theory which ignores the lived experience of disability
. Portrays the disabled as homogenous
. Assumes difference = inferior
. Disabled as tragic, requiring special conditions
. Hasn’t improved the social conditions of those with disabilities

Question 8

What are the key events/people with the organisation of sport in the UK?

Answer 8

. Dr. Ludwig Guttmann, Stoke Mandeville hospital
. The Guttmann Legacy
. Building on Ability (1989)
. Barriers to the mainstreaming of disability sport (1993)
. English Federation of Disability Sport (1998)

Question 9

What are some examples of the social disadvantage for the disabled?

Answer 9

. 46.3 per cent of disabled people were in employment compared to 76.2 per cent of non-disabled people (2012)
. One-in-three disabled people were living in poverty in Britain in 2012
. Disabled people are more likely to be victims of crime

Question 10

What are some participation issues that the disabled face?

Answer 10

. less likely, less frequently, fewer sports, particular kinds of sports
. Extra-curricular sport – 14% vs 45%
. Adults who walk – 38% vs 59%
. No sport in last month - 71.4% vs 48.4%
shaped by gender, age and type of disability

Question 11

What are some barriers that the disabled face for sports participation?

Answer 11

. negative experiences, lack of support, transport, sports club cultures/social attitudes, time/money, poor media coverage/lack of role models

Question 12

What was the three key aims of the 2012 paralympics?

Answer 12

. Transform perceptions of disabled people
. Increase participation
. Greater community engagement (integration)

Question 13

What has the progression of the paralympics been?

Answer 13

. First held- post Rome Olympics 1960
. Steady Growth to 4300 athletes with a combination of shared and unique sports
. Growth in disability classifications
. Olympic host city is obliged to host Paralympics (from 2012)

Question 14

What issue is classification. What are the issues?

Answer 14

. Classification is designed to ensure fairness
. 1992 replace clinical impairment with functional classification
. Who’s eligible to compete?
-Erraid Davies
-Spanish basketball team 2000
. Excluding athletes contradicts paralympic ethos
. Commercialization vs. practicecommunity

Question 15

What issue is integration and technology. What are the issues?

Answer 15

. “performance enhancement” or “essential for performance”
. TUEs
. Exclusion of poorer nations

Question 16

What is the evidence of the social change from the London Games?

Answer 16

Increased participation, and greater media coverage
But
Scope (2013), found 81% of disabled people felt that attitudes towards them had not improved after London
17% had experienced hostile or threatening behaviour
Disabled still more likely to be unemployed, live in poverty or be victims of crime
Social discourse of disability benefit