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PARA311 > SPOROZOA > Flashcards

SPOROZOA Flashcards

1
Q

Where does plasmodium and babesia belong to?

A

Phylum apicomplexia and class sporozoan

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2
Q

No obvious structure for motility

A

Sporozoan

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3
Q

Associated with human malaria cases

A

Plasmodium spp.

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4
Q

4 species of plasmodium that are medically important in humans

A

P. Falciparum
P. Vivax
P. Malariae
P. Ovale

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5
Q

What plasmodium spp. are responsible for 90% of all human malaria cases?

A

P. Falciparum
P. Vivax

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6
Q

Normally a parasite of macaques

A

P. Knowlesi

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7
Q

What is the meaning of the italian word mal’aria?

A

Bad air

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8
Q

Considered to be the most important parasitic disease affecting man

A

Malaria

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9
Q

What is the vector of malaria?

A

Female anopheles mosquito

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10
Q

Principal vector for malaria

A

Anopheles minimus var. flavirostris

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11
Q

Associated with malaria transmission in Sulu, Mindanao

A

Anopheles litoralis

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12
Q

Coexist with flavirostis and portion of strain exposed to sunlight

A

Anopheles maculates

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13
Q

Appears to preferred habitats located in forest fringe

A

Anopheles mangymus

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14
Q

What is the final host of plasmodium?

A

Female anopheles mosquito

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15
Q

What is the intermediate host of plasmodium?

A

Man

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16
Q

What are the infective stages of plasmodium?

A

Sporozoites (man)
Gametocytes (mosquito)

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17
Q

What is the biological vector of plasmodium?

A

Anopheles flavirostris

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18
Q

Adult biting of plasmodium

A

Night biting (indoor and outdoor)

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19
Q

Adult resting in plasmodium

A

Inside walls

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20
Q

where does the exoerythrocytic schizogony happen?

A

liver

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21
Q

what does the erythrocytic schizogony produce?

A

merozoite

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22
Q

what species of plasmodium reinvade the liver to form hypnozoites?

A

p. vivax

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23
Q

within the red blood cell, the merozoites of plasmodium spp. grow as a ring form developing to what?

A

trophozoite

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24
Q

what is the male form of the merozoite form of plasmodium?

A

microgametocyte

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25
Q

what is the female form of merozoite of plasmodium?

A

macrogametocyte

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26
Q

where does the formation of zygote of plasmodium happen?

A

gut of the mosquito

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27
Q

what do you call the zygote of plasmodium?

A

ookinete

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28
Q

ookinete develops into:

A

oocyst

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29
Q

asexual reproduction of plasmodium

A

schizogony

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30
Q

where does the erythrocytic cycle (schizogony) happen?

A

inside the red blood cells

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31
Q

what is the sexual reproduction of plasmodium?

A

sporogony

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32
Q

the interval from sporozoite injection to detection of parasite in the blood

A

prepatent period

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33
Q

time between sporozoite injection to the appearance of clinical symptoms

A

incubation period

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34
Q

pre-patent period of p. falciparum

A

11-14 days

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35
Q

incubation period of p. falciparum

A

8-15 days

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36
Q

pre-patent period of p. vivax

A

11-15 days

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37
Q

incubation period of p. vivax

A

12-20 days

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38
Q

pre-patent period of malariae

A

3-4 weeks

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39
Q

incubation period of p malariae

A

18-40 days

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40
Q

pre-patent period of p. ovale

A

14-26 days

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41
Q

incubation period of p ovale

A

11-16 days

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42
Q

size RBC: normal
trophozoite: usually not present
no. of merozoite in schizont: 8-36
stipplings: maurers, stephens, christopher
ring forms: single, multiple
chromatin dot: single, double
applique/accole: present
gametocyte: macro- cresent; micro- banana; sausage shape
stages in peripheral blood: ring forms and gametocytes

A

P. falciparum

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43
Q

size RBC: enlarged
trophozoite: ameboid
no. of merozoite in schizont: 12-24
stipplings: schuffner
ring forms: single
chromatin dot: single, dense, big
applique/accole: N/A
gametocyte: large, round, oval
stages in peripheral blood: ALL

A

P. vivax

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44
Q

size RBC: normal or slightly smaller
trophozoite: band form
no. of merozoite in schizont: 6-12 in rosette form
stipplings: Ziemmans
ring forms: single
chromatin dot: single
applique/accole: N/A
gametocyte: large, round, oval
stages in peripheral blood:

A

p. malariae

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45
Q

size RBC: normal or slightly enlarged
trophozoite: fimbriated
no. of merozoite in schizont: 8
stipplings: James
ring forms: single
chromatin dot: single
applique/accole: N/A
gametocyte: large, round, oval
stages in peripheral blood: ALL

46
Q

these plasmodium spp. infects only young RBC and the RBC size becomes enlarged

A

p. vivax
p. ovale

47
Q

this plasmodium spp. infects mature or aging RBC; size of the RBC is slightly smalle

A

p. malariae

48
Q

these plasmodium spp. infects RBCs of all ages

A

p. falciparum
p. knowlesi

49
Q

in the case of this plasmodium spp., young infected RBC do not appear enlarged or distorted as in the case of vivax and ovale

A

p. falciparum

50
Q

appear as large coarse brick red dots, which appear to be smaller referred to as the Schuffner’s dot and James dots

A

maurers cleft

51
Q

kidney infected with P. falciparum resulting to marked hemoglobinuria which eventually results to acute renal failure, tubular necrosis, and nephrotic syndrome

A

black water fever

52
Q

ring shape with red chromatin dot and blue cytoplasm. develops into late trophozoite

A

early trophozoite form

53
Q

large chromatin mass and prominent cytoplasm which is spread through the RBC

A

late trophozoite

54
Q

occurs when the chromatin is divided into two or more masses of chromatin with small amount of cytoplasm known as merozoite

55
Q

fills the RBC. characterized by large chromatin mass and blue cytoplasm containing pigment

A

gametocytes

56
Q

sudden coldness and apprehension
mild shivering turns to teeth chattering and shaking of the whole body

A

cold stage

57
Q

how long does the cold stage last?

A

15-60 minutes

58
Q

what is the best stage to collect the blood sample for diagnosis of malaria?

A

hot stage/ flush phase

59
Q

high temp (40-41C), headache, palpitations, epigastric discomfort, thirst, nausea and vomiting
px is confused and delirious

A

hot stage/ flush phase

60
Q

how long does the flush phase last?

A

2 to 6 hours

61
Q

profuse sweating, temperature lowers and symptoms diminishes

A

sweating stage
defervescence
diaphoresis

62
Q

renewal of parasitemia or its clinical features arising from persistent undetectable

63
Q

relapse is common to these plasmodium species

A

p. vivax
p. ovale

64
Q

diffuse symmetric, encephalopathy, retinal hemorrhages, bruxism, mild neck stiffness. if left untreated may lead to coma and death

A

cerebral malaria

65
Q

what is the febrile cycle, interval, and common victims of p. falciparum?

A

malignant tertian, 36-48 hours, all

66
Q

what is the febrile cycle, interval, and common victims of p.vivax?

A

benign tertain, 48 hours, young

67
Q

what is the febrile cycle, interval, and common victims of p. malariae?

A

quartan, 72 jours, adult

68
Q

what is the febrile cycle, interval, and common victims of p. malariae?

A

quartan, 72 hours, adult

69
Q

what is the febrile cycle, interval, and common victims of p. ovale?

A

ovale tertian, 48 hours, young

70
Q

what determines the interval between attack?

A

length of erythrocytic cycle

71
Q

these plasmodium spp.’s paroxysm occurs in alternate dtaes

A

p. vivax
p. ovale

72
Q

these plasmodium spp.’s paroxysm occurs every 72 hours, causing paroxysm in days 1 and 4 hence the term quartan malaria

A

p. malariae

73
Q

these plasmodium spp.’s paroxysm lacks exoerythrocytic stage, fever follows quotidian pattern or nonrelaxing

A

p. knowlesi

74
Q

manner of reporting of microscopic analysis for plasmodium spp.
1+
2+
3+
4+

A

1-10 prst/100 thick field
11-100 prst/100 thick field
1-10 prst/thick field
>10 prst/ thick field

75
Q

detects plasmodium-specific antigens in finger prick sample by the use of immunochromatographic method

A

rapid diagnostic test (RDT)

76
Q

water soluble CHON produced by trophozoites and young gametocytes

A

Histidine-rich protein II (HRP II)

77
Q

produced by both sexual and asexual stages and can distinguish between P. falciparum and non-P. falciparum

A

plasmodium LDH

78
Q

what is the main disadvantage of RDT

A

lack of sensitivity at low level of parasitemia

79
Q

uses a special capillary tube with acridine orange
positive is bright green and yellow under fluorescent microscope

A

quantitative buffy coat (QBC)

80
Q

these tests cannot distinguish between current and past infections

A

serologic tests

81
Q

used before the infection occurs or before it
become evident with the aim of preventing
occurrence of infection in any of its symptoms

A

Protective (Prophylactic)

82
Q

Action on the established infection

A

Curative (Therapeutic)

83
Q

Occurrence of infection of mosquitoes to attack
gametocytes in the blood of human host

A

Preventive

84
Q

first line drug for confirmed P. falciparum
cases.
Not recommended in pregnancy, lactation &
infants

A

Arthemether-Lumefantrine (Coartem)

85
Q

second line drug for confirmed P. falciparum
cases which AL fail or not available

A

Quinine (plus Tetracycline or Doxycycline)

86
Q

drug of choice for complicated or severe P.
falciparum malaria

A

Quinine IV drip

87
Q

given on the 4th day as single dose to prevent transmission

A

Primaquine

88
Q

Chemoprophylaxis

A

Mefloquine & Doxycyline

89
Q

use of carabao to deviate mosquitoes

A

Zooprophylaxis

90
Q

larvicidal use of biologic control methods

A

Bacillus thuringiensis

91
Q

what ethnicity is resistant to malaria and why?

A

africans and american blacks because of duffy antigen negative

92
Q

to what species of plasmodium is duffy antigen negative resistant to?

A

p vivax
p knowlesi

93
Q

who are resistant to malaria?

A

sickle cell anemia
G6PD deficient individuals
person exhibiting erythrocyte structural abnormality
duffy blood group negative people

94
Q

a primate malarial parasite common in SEA
causes malaria in long tailed macaques
may also infect humans

A

p knowlesi

95
Q

most reliable methods for detecting and diagnosing p. knowlesi infection

A

PCR assay and molecular characterization

96
Q

blood parasites that cause malaria-like infections

A

babesia spp. (babesia microti)

97
Q

how does babesia spp. multiply?

A

binary fission or budding

98
Q

how is babesia spp. transmitted?

A

blood transfusion, organ transplantation, and transplacental route

99
Q

what is the vector of babesia spp.?

A

ticks (ixodes scapularis)

100
Q

what is the infective stage of babesia spp.?

A

sporozoites

101
Q

what is the diagnostic stage of babesia spp.?

A

maltese cross

102
Q

arrangement of the merozoite and ring-form trophozoite

A

maltese cross

103
Q

where does merogony of babesia spp. occur?

A

red blood cells

104
Q

where does the second and third life cycle of babesia?

A

tick vector

105
Q

where does gamogony of babesia spp. occur?

A

gut and epithelium of tick vector

106
Q

associated with excessive pro-inflammatory cytokines such as the tumor necrosis factor

A

babesia spp.

107
Q

when does fatigue, malaise, anorexia, and weight loss due to infection of babesia spp. begin to manifest?

A

1-6 weeks after exposure

108
Q

when is babesia parasites detectable in blood smears?

A

acute stage of infection

109
Q

drug of choice for babesia parasite

A

clindamycin

110
Q

former drug of choice for babesia parasite

A

chloroquine

PARA311 (3 decks)

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