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PARA311 > Blood And Tissue Flagellates > Flashcards

Blood And Tissue Flagellates Flashcards

1
Q

This are parasites which inhibits the tissues and the blood of human with the aid of vectors

A

Hemoflagellates

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2
Q

Mode of transmission of hemoflagellates

A

Bite of arthropod vector

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3
Q

Member species of hemoflagellates

A

Leishmania spp.
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
Trypanosoma cruzi

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4
Q

4 morphologic forms associated with hemoflagellates

A

Amastigote
Promastigote
Epimastigote
Trypomastigote

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5
Q

Basal body in certain flagellated protozoans that consists of a minute mass of chromatin embedded in the cytoplasm at the base of the flagellum
Give rise to and is attached to an axoneme

A

Blepharoblast

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6
Q

Located adjacent to the blepharoplast

A

Parabasal body

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7
Q

A disk-shaped mass of circular DNAs inside a large mitochondrion that contains many copies of the mitochondrial genome
Collective term refers to both parabasal body and blepharoplast

A

Kinetoplast

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8
Q

A locomotory organelle of certain flagellate parasites, consisting of a finlike extension of the limiting membrane with the flagellar sheath; wavelike rippling of the undulating membrane produces a characteristic movement
Assist in locomotion of parasites

A

Undulating membrane

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9
Q

Size: 5 by 3 um
Shape: round to oval
Nucleus: 1, usually off center
Other: kinetoplast present, consisting of dot-like blepharoplast from which emerges a small axoneme.
Parabasal body located adjacent to the blepharoplast.
Non flagellate, intracellularly seen in bone marrow or tissue samples
DIAGNOSTIC STAGE FOUND IN HUMAN SAMPLES

A

Amastigote
Leishman Donovan Body
Leishmanial form

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10
Q

Shape: round to oval
Nucleus: 1 toward the edge of the organism
Kinetoplast: seen anteriorly
Diagnostic feature: absence of flagellum

A

Amastigote

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11
Q

Size: 9-15 um long
Shape: long and slender
Nucleus: 1, located in or near center
Other: kinetoplast, located in anterior end
Single free flagellum, extending from anterior end usually an extracellular phase as in
the insect intermediate host of leishmania parasites

A

Promastigote
Leptomonal form

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12
Q

Shape: spindle body
Nucleus: single nucleus located near or in the center
Kinetoplast: seen anteriorly
Flagellum: single
Diagnostic feature: absence of undulating membrane

A

Promastigote
Leptomonal form

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13
Q

Size: 9-15 um long
Shape: long and slightly wider than promastigote form
Nucleus: 1 located in posterior end
Others: kinetoplast located anterior to the nucleus
Undulating membrane, extending half of the body length
Free flagellum, extending from anterior end
FOUND IN THE INTESTINE OF VECTORS

A

Epimastigote
Crithidial form

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14
Q

Shape: body is wider compared to promastigote
Nucleus: 1 nucleus found posteriorly
Kinetoplast: seen anteriorly
Flagellum: free flagellum seen at anterior end
Diagnostic feature: presence of undulating membrane that extends HALF of the body length

A

Epimastigote
Crithidial form

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15
Q

Size: 12-35 um long by 2-4 wide
Shape: C, S, U shape often seen in stained blood films
Nucleus: 1, located anterior to the kinetoplast
Other features: kinetoplast located in the posterior end
Undulating membrane, extending entire body length
Free flagellum, extending from anterior end when present

A

Trypomastigote
Trypanosomal form

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16
Q

Shape: body is wider compared to promastigote
Nucleus: 1 found anteriorly
Kinetoplast: posteriorly located
Flagellum: anterior free flagellum may or may not be present
Diagnostic feature: presence of full body length undulating membrane

A

Trypomastigote
Trypanosomal form

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17
Q

What is the disease associated with Trypanosoma cruzi?

A

Chagas disease or American Trypanosomiasis

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18
Q

He found that the trypanosome on the intestine of a triatomid bug were the same parasite found in a child suffering from fever and enlargement of lymph nodes

A

Carlos chagas

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19
Q

What does trypanosoma cruzi primarily infect being an intracellular parasite?

A

Myocytes
Reticuloendothelial system

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20
Q

What stages does trypanosoma cruzi exhibit?

A

All four

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21
Q

In human, the trypomastigote form of trypanosoma cruzi is found where?

A

Blood stream

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22
Q

In human, the amastigote form of trypanosoma cruzi is found where?

A

Tissue cells

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23
Q

In insect vector, where does the amastigote, epimastigote and promastigot form of typanosoma cruzi occur?

A

Midgut

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24
Q

In insect vector, where does the infective metacyclic form of trypanosoma cruzi found?

A

Hindgut

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25
Q

Biological vector of trypanosoma cruzi (bugs)

A

Triatomine bug
Reduviid bug
Assassin bug
Conenosebug
Kissing bug

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26
Q

Biological vector of trypanosoma cruzi (genera)

A

Triatoma
Rhodnius
Panstrongylus

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27
Q

Reservoir of trypanosoma cruzi

A

Domestic animals
Armadillos
Raccoons
Rodents
Marsupials
Primates

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28
Q

It eliminates parasite in blood

A

Gentian violet

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29
Q

A prevalent mode of transmission of t cruzi in urban area

A

Transfusion

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30
Q

Natural transmission of t cruzi by triatomine bugs through blood, meal/ contamination with infected feces

A

Vector-borne

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31
Q

Type of biological vector:
Transmission via mouth parts
VERY EFFICIENT
Infection rate in vector is low
TSETSE FLY (T. Brucei complex)

A

Salivarian

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32
Q

Where is the infective form found in salivarian biological vectors?

A

Salivary glands

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33
Q

Vector for t brucei, gambiense, rhodesiense

A

Tsetse fly

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34
Q

Type of biological vector:
Hind gut station: acquired from feces or eating the vector
Inefficient
Infection rate
Triatomine bug (T. cruzi)

A

Stercoralian

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35
Q

Where is the infective form of parasite found in the stercoralian biological vector?

A

Hidngut
Rectum

36
Q

Erythematous nodule

A

Chagoma

37
Q

Patients who contract T. Cruzi through the ocular mucosa develops a characteristic conjunctivitis and edema of the eyelids

A

Romana’s sign

38
Q

What is the duration of the acute phase of t cruzi?

A

1-4 months

39
Q

Children present with symptoms of CNS involvement

A

Acute phase of t cruzi

40
Q

Symptoms of acute phase of t cruzi

A

Fever
Malaise
Lymphadenopathy
Hepatosplenomegaly
Nausea
Diarrhea

41
Q

Treatment for acute phase of t cruzi

A

Nifurtimox (8-16 mg/kg/day 60-90 days)
Benzidazole (5-7 mg/kg/day 30-120 days)
Allopurinol (experimental)
Azole antifungal agents (experimental)

42
Q

How many years can the indeterminate phase/ latency phase last?

A

10-40 years

43
Q

Asymptomatic but still capable of transmitting it to others

A

Seropositive

44
Q

10-30% of infected exhibit cardiomyopathy or megasyndromes (megaesophagus, megastomach, megacolon) due to decrease nerve ganglia

A

Chronic phase of t cruzi

45
Q

How long is the incubation of the acute phase of t cruzi?

A

1-2 weeks

46
Q

Has CNS involvement, cardiomegaly, and electrocardiographic changes
Complete blockage of the heart and brain damage may cause sudden death
Long latency characterized by seropositivity and no parasitemia

A

Chronic chagas’ cardiomyopathy

47
Q

What is the main site of infection of t cruzi?

A

Heart

48
Q

Where is the amastigotes of t cruzi indistinguishable from?

A

L. Donovoni

49
Q

Direct examination method that reveals the trypomastigotes of t cruzi

A

Giemsa blood smear

50
Q

Specimen of choice for blood smear of t cruzi

A

Giemsa-stained blood slide

51
Q

What specimens may reveal amasigotes of t cruzi?

A

Lymph node, biopsy, blood culture

52
Q

Allow trypanosome-free triatomine bugs to feed on patient and look in the bug’s intestine for flagellates
Examined monthly over a period of 3 months

A

Xenodiagnosis

53
Q

Found in regions where t cruzi exists

A

Trypanosoma rangeli

54
Q

What is the vector of t rangeli?

A

Reduviid bug (rhodonius sp.)

55
Q

What is the reservoir of wild rodents?

A

Wild rodents

56
Q

What is the diagnostic stage for t rangeli?

A

Trypomastigote

57
Q

Disease associated with t brucei

A

Human African trypanosomiasis

58
Q

T brucei found in east africa, wild and domestic animal reservoirs
EAST AFRICAN/RHODESIAN SLEEPING SICKNESS
Zoonosis of cattle and wild animals
Human serves as accidental host

A

T brucei rhodesiense

59
Q

Found in west and central africa, mainly human infection
WEST AFRICAN/GAMBIAN SLEEPING SICKNESS

A

T brucei gambiense

60
Q

What are the forms exhibited by t brucei?

A

Epimastigote
Trypomastigote

61
Q

Where does t brucei live in humans?

A

Blood, reticular tissue of lymph, spleen, and csf

62
Q

Biological vector for t brucei rhodesiense

A

Glossina morsitans

63
Q

Biological vector for t brucei gambiense

A

Glossina palpalis

64
Q

What are the other mode of transmissions of t brucei?

A

Accidental needle pricks
Transmitted vertically

65
Q

How long does the initial symptoms of Gambain trypanosomiasis last?

A

2-3 days

66
Q

Earliest sign gambain trypanosomiasis

A

Chancre

67
Q

How long does the acute phase of gambain trypanosmiasis last?

A

1-6 months

68
Q

Stages human african trypanosomiasis undergo to:

A

Hemolymphatic stage
Meningoenciphalitic

69
Q

Parasites proliferate in the blood stream and lympahtics
Winterbottom’s sign
Edema of arms and legs

A

Hemolymphatic phase

70
Q

Enlarged, non-tender posterior cervical lymph nodes with a consistency of ripe plums

A

Winterbottom’s sign

71
Q

How long does the late phase of gambain trypanosmiasis last?

A

3-10 months

72
Q

Meningoencephalitic phase
Kerandel’s sign
Rhodesian trypanosomiasis

A

Late phase of gambain trypanosomiasis

73
Q

CNS invasion, more severe headache, increased mental dullness and apathy, tremors, hyperesthesia

A

Kerandel’s sign

74
Q

What form of t brucei gambiense and rhodensiense are morphologically identical?

A

Trypomastigote

75
Q

Detects parasite that occur in low numbers

A

Quantitative buffy coat concentration method

76
Q

An ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor that is highly effective in earlly and late phase of Gambain trypanosomiasis

A

DL-alpha-difluoromethylyornithine

77
Q

What are the two morphological forms of leishmania spp.?

A

Amastigote
Promastigote

78
Q

Causative agent of Baghdad boils, oriental sore (cutaneous form of leishmaniasis)

A

Leishmania tropica

79
Q

Causative agent of bay sore, chiclero ulcer (cutaneous leishmaniasis)

A

Leishmania mexicana

80
Q

Causative agent of dum dum fever, kala-azar (visceral leishmaniasis

A

Leishmania donovani

81
Q

Causative agent of espundia, uta (cutaneous leishmaniasis)

A

Leishmania braziliensis

82
Q

Causative agent of forest yaws, pian bois (cutaneous leishmaniasis)

A

Leishmania guyanensis

83
Q

Infective stage of leishmania spp. to humans

A

Promastigote

84
Q

Where is the promastigote found in the sandfly?

A

Proboscis

85
Q

Leishmania morphlogical form that lives intracellularly in monocytes, PMNs, endothelial cells of the vertebrate hosts

A

Amastigote

86
Q

Leismania form that is present only in small number in the blood in which its multiplication inside phagocytes can cause destruction of the host cells

A

Phagocytose amastogotes

PARA311 (3 decks)

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