Spoken Language Techniques Flashcards

1
Q

Accelerando?

A

A term used to describe speech that is getting faster (marked accel on transcripts)

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2
Q

Accommodation?

A

A term used to describe the changes people make to their speech, prosodic (relating to the rhythm/ sound of speech) features and gestures in order to emphasise or minimise the differences between them

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3
Q

Adjacency pair?

A

A sequence of two connected utterances by different speakers one after another. This may take the forms: question/answer complaint/explanation or remedy(correcting something) statement/affirmation command/action etc

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4
Q

Assimilation?

A

The ways in which the sounds of one word can change the sounds of neighbouring words in connected speech

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5
Q

Back channeling?

A

Interactive features such as minimal responses (e.g mm, yeah, ahh) that demonstrate a participants is listening and paralinguistic (non verbal) features that show affirmation, but which do not disrupt the speakers turn

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6
Q

Comment clause?

A

A commonly occurring clause in speech which adds remark to another clause e.g I mean, I think

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7
Q

Convergence?

A

A process in which two speakers adapt their language and pronunciation to reduce the differences between them

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8
Q

Discourse markers?

A

Words or phrases that stand outside the clause and act as fillers, topic changers or hedges e.g well, right, y’know, I mean, basically

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9
Q

Divergence?

A

A process by which two speakers adapt their language and pronunciation to increase the differences between them

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10
Q

Elision?

A

The omission of sounds in connected speech

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11
Q

Emphatic stress?

A

Stress placed upon syllables or words in spoken discourse

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12
Q

False start?

A

An utterance that is started, left incomplete, and then restarted again with a different grammatical structure

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13
Q

Filled pause?

A

A voiced hesitation in spoken language

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14
Q

Filler?

A

Words with no semantic value, which are inserted into speech either from habit or to give a participant thinking time as they search for a word e.g er,um,ah

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15
Q

Hedging?

A

The use of migrating words or sounds to lessen the impact of an utterance e.g I think, I’m not an expert but, somewhat, it’s possible that

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16
Q

Hesitation?

A

The repetition of the initial sound of a letter

17
Q

Implicature?

A

A term used to describe what a hearer infers from an utterance

18
Q

Interactive?

A

Distinctive non-verbal utterances that affirm (e.g mm, yes) show agreement (e.g laughter) or add reinforcement (e.g echo utterances)

19
Q

Interruption?

A

The ending of one speaker’s turn by the intervention of another speaker, which may be a non-cooperative challenge, or may be the result of multiple participants with equal status in a conversation

20
Q

Intonation?

A

The quality or tone of voice in speech, which can stay level, rise or fall

21
Q

Latch-on

A

A smooth link between different speakers in a spoken exchange

22
Q

Liaison

A

A process that changes the pronunciation of words at boundaries marked by /r/

23
Q

Monitoring features?

A

Expressions which allow a speaker to check that the hearer is still listening, has understood ect e.g would you believe

24
Q

Normal non-fluency

A

Commonly occurring features of spoken language such as hesitations and false starts which breakup the flow of speech

25
Overlap?
Participants speak at the same time, but the dominant speaker’s turn is not ended- this can mark positive feedback where one speaker provides backchannel affirmation or support; the misjudgement of the end of a turn; or an additional point or comment on what is being said
26
Paralinguistics?
The study of non-verbal communication e.g vocal effects (laughing, sighing) gesture, posture and facial expressions
27
Pauses?
Micro pause: A minimal break in spoken language Timed paused: in seconds in brackets at the end of speech
28
Phatic speech?
Words, phrases and clauses that have a social function e.g good morning, lovely day thanks
29
Phonetics?
The study of spoken sounds and the way in which they are produced
30
Phonology?
The study of sounds in a particular language and the ways in which they are combined to create meaning
31
Pitch?
The level of a sound, which can be lowered or raised
32
Prosodic features?
The use of pitch, volume, pace and rhythm to draw attention to key features of spoken language
33
Rallentando?
A term that is used to describe speech that is getting slower (marked rall on transcripts)
34
Self-correction?
A speaker’s repair to an utterance e.g Steve. Sir Stephen
35
Spontaneity markers?
Distinctive features of spoken language that mark speech as spontaneous and unscripted, including comment clauses, fillers, hesitations ect
36
Turn-taking?
The organisation of participants in a spoken interaction, where the turns may be equal or where one speaker may be dominant
37
Utterance?
A grammatical structure made up of one or more clauses, often preceded by a micro pause and followed by another pause or a change of speaker in spoken language
38
Unintentional repetition?
The accidental repetition of a monosyllabic word in spoken language