Spoken language revision

Question 1

Transactional language

Answer 1

Language that is used to obtain goods and services (getting something out of it) e.g. what time is it?

Question 2

Interpersonal language

Answer 2

Language that has a primarily social purpose

Question 3

Ellipses

Answer 3

Part of a grammatical structure that is omitted without affecting understanding. More casual tone e.g. “makes a nice change”. One or more words are unnecessary but it is used to create cohesion

Question 4

False start

Answer 4

Regularly occur in conversations. The speaker change their change of thought by changing/repairing it e.g. “yeah on sat (.) er tomorrow”

Question 5

Back-channelling

Answer 5

Shows the speaker that they are being understood e.g. “oh yeah” or nodding or the head

Question 6

Non-fluency features

Answer 6

Devices that interrupt the flow of talk. Hesitation or repetition e.g. “um”

Question 7

Elision

Answer 7

The slurring together of sounds or syllables e.g. “gonna” rather than “going to”

Question 8

Hedging

Answer 8

Shows uncertainty in a conversation. Also words/phrases that soften or weaken the force wherein something is said e.g. “perhaps, maybe”

Question 9

Maxim of quality

Answer 9

Speaker tries to tell the truth

Question 10

Maxim of quantity

Answer 10

Speaker tries to give right amount of information

Question 11

Maxim of relevance

Answer 11

Speaker tries to be relevant to what they’re talking about

Question 12

Maxim of manner

Answer 12

Speaker try to present their material in an orderly fashion

Question 13

Accent

Answer 13

The way words are pronounced

Question 14

Adjacency pairs

Answer 14

Parallel, ritualistic pairs of utterances. e.g. (question-answer) & ( greeting-return greeting)

Question 15

Deixis

Answer 15

Words such as “this, that, here and there” which refers backwards or forwards, context dependant

Question 16

Dialect

Answer 16

The distinctive grammar and vocabulary which is associated with a regional or social use of language

Question 17

Filler

Answer 17

Items that do not carry meaning but allow the speaker time to think, pause or hold their turn

Question 18

Phatic talk

Answer 18

Conversation utterances that have no concrete over than to establish or maintain personal relationships. Also known as small talk. E.g. “Yeah not bad thanks, you?”

Question 19

Formal language

Answer 19

Professional language that is used to make texts sound more serious and appropriate

Question 20

Informal language

Answer 20

More interpersonal so as the language as a more personal meaning

Question 21

Spontaneous speech

Answer 21

Improvised and contains the thoughts in the present tense so has less meaning

Question 22

Prepared speech

Answer 22

When somebody has their ideas and more detailed thoughts and feelings and so have stats and fats to back themselves up

Question 23

Topic shift

Answer 23

When somebody changes the subject of the conversation either through uncertainty or over wise

Question 24

Topic loop

Answer 24

When the speaker keeps going back to the same subject or point

Question 25

Co-operative overlap

Answer 25

When two or more speakers overlap each over to help the other ones point

Question 26

Idiolect

Answer 26

An individually distinctive style of speaking

Question 27

Vague language

Answer 27

E.g. “sort of , like, or whatever, kind of things”

Question 28

Prosodic features

Answer 28

Pitch, pace, stress and rhythm

Question 29

Paralinguistic features

Answer 29

Gestures and facial expressions. Aspects of spoken language that do not involve words

Question 30

Non-standard grammar

Answer 30

E.g. we was going down the road. Grammatical errors