spoken language features Flashcards
speech is normally
spontaneous communication
TRP
transition relevance place - point at which a speaker might start speaking. look for cues from speaker
TCU
turn construction unit - segment of speech
co operative adjacency pairs
pairs that go together, generally required to keep conversation going
compliment
acceptance
request
acceptance
warning
acknowledgement
query
response
greeting
response
opener
open a convo
self related comment
about oneself
other related comment
about someone else
neutral comment
something neutral in surroundings
closer
finishes convo
framing
controlling a convo or utterance which encourages speaker to fill gaps
topic management
how topics are organised
backchannelling
utterances which support and encourage another speaker/show attention
vocatives
use of someones name for direct address
Brown and Levinson (1987)
politness theory
bald on record
direct way of saying things e.g. get out
off record
indirect e.g. I have a headache rather than do you have any pain killers
positive face
individuals desire to be liked and admired
negative face
desire to protect personal rights such as freedom of speech
face threatening acts
communication can damage a persons sense of face or affect the needs and desires of someone’s positive or negative face
positive politeness
appealing to a persons positive face to make them feel better about themselves
negative politeness
making another person feel like they have not been imposed upon or taken advantage of
Grice’s maxims
quantity - as informative as possible and give as much info is needed
quality - truthfulness
relation - relevant and says things pertinent to the discussion
manner - clear, brief, orderly to avoid confusion
accommodation (Grice 1970s)
how speakers adapt language when talking to others through changes to lexis, pace, intonation, paralinguistic features
convergence
to allow co operation
upward convergence
more formal standard English
downward convergence
more informal, colloquial
over accommodation
attempt to overdo efforts in regulating. modifying or responding to others
dialect
non standard variety of English particular to a region
sociolect
variety of language characteristics of a social group
idiolect
own individual way of speaking, influenced by range of extra linguistic variables
paralinguistic features
body language
phatic talk
small talk to maintain personal relationships
pragmatics
how context contributes to meaning
prosodic features
includes features such as stress, pitch, tempo, rhythm
repairs
alteration made to correct/clarify
