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Spoken Language & CMC Flashcards

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Proverbs and Idioms flashcards
1
Q

idiolect

A

an individual’s unique language: it includes word choice, accent, pitch and style

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2
Q

assimilation

A

fitting in

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3
Q

sociolect

A

a language style associated with a particular social group

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4
Q

dialect

A

a language style associated with a particular geographical region

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5
Q

t

an individual’s unique language: it includes word choice, accent, pitch and style

A

idiolect

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6
Q

t

fitting in

A

assimilation

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7
Q

t

a language style associated with a particular social group

A

sociolect

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8
Q

t

a language style associated with a particular geographical region

A

dialect

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9
Q

standard English

A

formal register, used in written English

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10
Q

colloquial register

A

informal register, used when speaking to friends & family

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11
Q

slang register

A

informal register, used with a very close group, may offend outsiders

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12
Q

t

formal register, used in written English

A

standard English

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13
Q

t

informal register, used when speaking to friends & family

A

colloquial register

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14
Q

t

informal register, used with a very close group, may offend outsiders

A

slang register

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15
Q

openings

A

conversation starters such as ‘excuse me’. Can be a sequence

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16
Q

turn-taking

A

we are sensitive to cues that someone else wants to speak

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17
Q

tag questions

A

questions attached to the end of statements (can be used to invite turn-taking)

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18
Q

adjacency pairs

A

two part exchanges that follow a predictable pattern

e.g. How are you / I am fine.

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19
Q

topic

A

what people are talking about

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20
Q

topic shifts

A

changes in topic of the converstion

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21
Q

topic starters

A

introduces a topic into the conversation

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22
Q

topic loops

A

returning to a previous topic

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23
Q

repair

A

correcting your own mistake, or a listener asks for something to be repeated

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24
Q

feedback

A

can be verbal or non-verbal; shows that you are listening

e.g. nodding, ‘mmm’

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25
Q

pre-closing signals

A

ways of indicating the conversation is ending

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26
Q

closing signals

A

signing off a conversation

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27
Q

phatic communication

A

phrases which have a merely social function

e.g. ‘nice weather we’re having’

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28
Q

deistic expressions

A

expressions which need the reference point of the conversation to make sense

e.g. ‘over there’, ‘tomorrow’

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29
Q

accommodation theory

A

we adjust our speech to suit others

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30
Q

convergence and divergence

A

we change our speech to appear closer to or further apart from people

e.g. an RP speaker may tone down their accent when in the company of working class speakers, to fit in better.

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31
Q

downward divergence

A

changing speech to suit a less formal situation

e.g. an RP speaker may tone down their accent when in the company of working class speakers, to fit in better.

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32
Q

upward divergence

A

changing speech to suit a more formal situation

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33
Q

mutual convergence

A

when speakers both change idiolect to accommodate the other

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34
Q

Maxim of Quantity (Grice’s Maxims)

A

saying not more or less than is required

35
Q

Maxim of Relevance (Grice’s Maxims)

A

what is said should be relevant

36
Q

Maxim of Manner (Grice’s Maxims)

A

avoidance of ambiguity and obscurity, being orderly and coherent

37
Q

Maxim of Quality (Grice’s Maxims)

A

being truthful as far as you know

38
Q

face

A

the image of ourselves that we present when we speak. Linked to status & politeness.

39
Q

The Politeness Principle (Lakoff 1973)

A
  • don’t impose
  • give options
  • make your receiver feel good
40
Q

positive politeness

A

showing we like another person by valuing them in our conversation

41
Q

negative politeness

A

trying to avoid intruding on others — e.g. ‘sorry to disturb you’ or calling a superior by their formal title. (Britain has been identified as a culture that stresses negative politeness.)

42
Q

t

conversation starters such as ‘excuse me’. Can be a sequence

A

openings

43
Q

t

we are sensitive to cues that someone else wants to speak

A

turn-taking

44
Q

t

questions attached to the end of statements (can be used to invite turn-taking)

A

tag questions

45
Q

t

two part exchanges that follow a predictable pattern

e.g. How are you / I am fine.

A

adjacency pairs

46
Q

t

what people are talking about

A

topic

47
Q

t

changes in topic of the converstion

A

topic shifts

48
Q

t

introduces a topic into the conversation

A

topic starters

49
Q

t

returning to a previous topic

A

topic loops

50
Q

t

correcting your own mistake, or a listener asks for something to be repeated

A

repair

51
Q

t

can be verbal or non-verbal; shows that you are listening

e.g. nodding, ‘mmm’

A

feedback

52
Q

t

ways of indicating the conversation is ending

A

pre-closing signals

53
Q

t

signing off a conversation

A

closing signals

54
Q

t

phrases which have a merely social function

e.g. ‘nice weather we’re having’

A

phatic communication

55
Q

t

expressions which need the reference point of the conversation to make sense

e.g. ‘over there’, ‘tomorrow’

A

deistic expressions

56
Q

t

we adjust our speech to suit others

A

accommodation theory

57
Q

t

we change our speech to appear closer to or further apart from people

e.g. an RP speaker may tone down their accent when in the company of working class speakers, to fit in better.

A

convergence and divergence

58
Q

t

changing speech to suit a less formal situation

e.g. an RP speaker may tone down their accent when in the company of working class speakers, to fit in better.

A

downward divergence

59
Q

t

changing speech to suit a more formal situation

A

upward divergence

60
Q

t

when speakers both change idiolect to accommodate the other

A

mutual convergence

61
Q

t

saying not more or less than is required

A

Maxim of Quantity (Grice’s Maxims)

62
Q

t

what is said should be relevant

A

Maxim of Relevance (Grice’s Maxims)

63
Q

t

avoidance of ambiguity and obscurity, being orderly and coherent

A

Maxim of Manner (Grice’s Maxims)

64
Q

t

being truthful as far as you know

A

Maxim of Quality (Grice’s Maxims)

65
Q

t

the image of ourselves that we present when we speak. Linked to status & politeness.

A

face

66
Q

t

  • don’t impose
  • give options
  • make your receiver feel good
A

The Politeness Principle (Lakoff 1973)

67
Q

t

showing we like another person by valuing them in our conversation

A

positive politeness

68
Q

t

trying to avoid intruding on others — e.g. ‘sorry to disturb you’ or calling a superior by their formal title. (Britain has been identified as a culture that stresses negative politeness.)

A

negative politeness

69
Q

dysphemistic language

A

swearing/offensive language

70
Q

euphemistic language

A

covers up offensive/taboo/embarrassing subjects

(e.g. sex/sexuality/gender, death, periods/menopause, bodily functions, drugs/alcohol)

71
Q

tenor

A

same as register, level of formality

72
Q

semantic reclamation

A

taking a derogatory/pejorative (insulting) term & using it to describe yourself

73
Q

taking the floor

A

taking your conversational turn

74
Q

holding the floor

A

maintaining your turn

75
Q

fillers

A

used to show that someone is pausing to think but has not finished speaking

e.g. well

76
Q

terms for people in a conversation

A

patricipants, speakers, interlocutors

77
Q

t

swearing/offensive language

A

dysphemistic language

78
Q

t

covers up offensive/taboo/embarrassing subjects

(e.g. sex/sexuality/gender, death, periods/menopause, bodily functions, drugs/alcohol)

A

euphemistic language

79
Q

t

same as register, level of formality

A

tenor

80
Q

t

taking a derogatory/pejorative (insulting) term & using it to describe yourself

A

semantic reclamation

81
Q

t

taking your conversational turn

A

taking the floor

82
Q

t

maintaining your turn

A

holding the floor

83
Q

t

used to show that someone is pausing to think but has not finished speaking

e.g. well

A

fillers

84
Q

t

patricipants, speakers, interlocutors

A

terms for people in a conversation

English Language (2 decks)

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