Grammar

Question 1

nouns

Answer 1

‘naming words’

names we give to people, places, objects, ideas, etc

e.g. foot, Simon, fear, girl, money

Question 2

proper nouns

Answer 2

refer to specific people & places

• usually begin with a capital letter

e.g. London, Harriet, Othello, Friday, October

Question 3

abstract nouns

Answer 3

refer to things that do not physically exist, such as ideas or concepts

e.g. happiness, fear, democracy, belief

Question 4

concrete nouns

Answer 4

refer to things that physically exist — objects we can see & touch

e.g. chair, car, scarf, cheese

Question 5

‘naming words’

names we give to people, places, objects, ideas, etc.

e.g. foot, Simon, fear, girl, money

Answer 5

nouns

Question 6

refer to specific people & places

• usually begin with a capital letter

e.g. London, Harriet, Othello, Friday, October

Answer 6

proper nouns

Question 7

refer to things that do not physically exist, such as ideas or concepts

e.g. happiness, fear, democracy, belief

Answer 7

abstract nouns

Question 8

refer to things that physically exist — objects we can see & touch

e.g. chair, car, scarf, cheese

Answer 8

concrete nouns

Question 9

adjectives

Answer 9

‘describing words’ — describe nouns

e.g. a clever student, some cheap clothes, the green door

Question 10

comparative adjectives

Answer 10

___er / more ___ than

used to make comparisons

e.g. bigger, more generous, cleverer, more beautiful

Question 11

superlative adjectives

Answer 11

___est / most ___

used to make comparisons

e.g. the biggest, the most generous, the cleverest, the most beautiful

Question 12

pre-modifiers/attributive adjectives

Answer 12

adjectives that come before the noun

e.g. a hot day

Question 13

complements/predicative adjectives

Answer 13

adjectives that come after the verb

e.g. the day was hot

Question 14

‘describing words’ — describe nouns

e.g. a clever student, some cheap clothes, the green door

Answer 14

adjectives

Question 15

___er / more ___ than

used to make comparisons

e.g. bigger, more generous, cleverer, more beautiful

Answer 15

comparative adjectives

Question 16

___est / most ___

used to make comparisons

e.g. the biggest, the most generous, the cleverest, the most beautiful

Answer 16

superlative adjectives

Question 17

adjectives that come before the noun

e.g. a hot day

Answer 17

pre-modifiers/attributive adjectives

Question 18

verbs

Answer 18

‘doing’ words — refer to actions or states

e.g. walk, throw, believe, know, sneeze

Question 19

dynamic verbs

Answer 19

refer to physical actions

e.g. walk, throw, blink, write, sneeze

Question 20

stative verbs

Answer 20

refer to states of being

e.g. believe, know, am/is/are (from ‘to be’), understand

Question 21

subject

Answer 21

the perpetrator or agent of the sentence

Question 22

object

Answer 22

the recipient of the action in a sentence

Question 23

auxiliary verbs

Answer 23

‘helping verbs’ — indicate such things as tense

• there are three of these: have, do and be

*e.g. they have left, he I didn’t go, was thinking, he is waiting, she will be going, I am having

Question 24

modal auxiliary verbs

Answer 24

used in conjunction with main verbs and indicate such things as certainty, possiblity, probability, requests, permission & advice

e.g. can, could, will, shall, may, might, would, should, ought to, must

Question 25

epistemic

Answer 25

weaker — modal vervs that **suggest** rather than demand *e.g. can, could, may, might, ought to*

Question 26

deontic

Answer 26

stronger — modal verbs that **demand** rather than suggest *e.g. will, shall, must*

Question 27

'doing' words — refer to **actions** or **states** *e.g. walk, throw, believe, know, sneeze*

Answer 27

verbs

Question 28

refer to **physical actions** *e.g. walk, throw, blink, write, sneeze*

Answer 28

dynamic verbs

Question 29

refer to **states of being** *e.g. believe, know, am/is/are (from 'to be'), understand*

Answer 29

stative verbs

Question 30

the perpetrator or agent of the sentence

Answer 30

subject

Question 31

the recipient of the action in a sentence

Answer 31

object

Question 32

'helping verbs' — indicate such things as **tense** * there are three of these: **have**, **do** and **be** *e.g. they **have** left, he I **did**n't go, **was** thinking, he **is** waiting, she **will be** going, I **am** having

Answer 32

auxiliary verbs

Question 33

used in conjunction with main verbs and indicate such things as **certainty**, **possiblity**, **probability**, **requests**, **permission** & **advice** *e.g. can, could, will, shall, may, might, would, should, ought to, must*

Answer 33

modal auxiliary verbs

Question 34

weaker — modal vervs that **suggest** rather than demand *e.g. can, could, may, might, ought to*

Answer 34

epistemic

Question 35

stronger — modal verbs that **demand** rather than suggest *e.g. will, shall, must*

Answer 35

deontic

Question 36

adverbs

Answer 36

give **more information about verbs** * describe verbs in the same way that adjectives describe nouns indicate things such as **manner**, **place** **time** & **number**

Question 37

adverbs of manner

Answer 37

indicate **how** the verb was done *e.g. loudly, still, sleepily, anxiously*

Question 38

adverbs of place

Answer 38

indicate **where** the action takes place *e.g. down the road, at the beach, through the purple fire, across his face*

Question 39

adverbs of time

Answer 39

indicate **when** the action takes place *e.g. at half past four, last night, tomorrow, for weeks*

Question 40

adverbs of number

Answer 40

indicate **how many times** the action is performed *e.g. five times a day, occasionally, twice*

Question 41

give **more information about verbs** * describe verbs in the same way that adjectives describe nouns indicate things such as **manner**, **place** **time** & **number**

Answer 41

adverbs

Question 42

indicate **how** the verb was done *e.g. loudly, still, sleepily, anxiously*

Answer 42

adverbs of manner

Question 43

indicate **where** the action takes place *e.g. down the road, at the beach, through the purple fire, across his face*

Answer 43

adverbs of place

Question 44

indicate **when** the action takes place *e.g. at half past four, last night, tomorrow, for weeks*

Answer 44

adverbs of time

Question 45

indicate **how many times** the action is performed *e.g. five times a day, occasionally, twice*

Answer 45

adverbs of number

Question 46

pronouns

Answer 46

words that **take the place of nouns**, replacing the subject or object to avoid repetition *1st person — I (s), me (s), we (pl), us (pl)* *2nd person — you (s), you (pl)* *3rd person — he (s), she (s), they (s), it (s), they (pl), them (pl)

Question 47

conjunctions/connectives

Answer 47

'joining' words — **link together** different parts of a sentence

Question 48

co-ordinating conjunctions

Answer 48

used to **join two clauses** to form a **compound sentence** *e.g. and, but, or* *I went to town **and** bought a pair of shoes.* *She'll either go to Manchester **or** take a gap year.* *They'll look **but** they won't buy.*

Question 49

sub-ordinating conjunctions

Answer 49

connect a **subordinate clause to a main clause** *e.g. although, because, unless, until* *She can't get the bus **because** she hasn't got enough money.* ***Until** she passes her driving test, she'll have to use the bus.*

Question 50

prepositions

Answer 50

indicate how one thing is **related** to another in terms of its position, direction & time

Question 51

prepositions of position

Answer 51

indicate how one thing is **related** to another in terms of its position *e.g. at, on, opposite* *The cat is **behind** the dog.*

Question 52

prepositions of direction

Answer 52

indicate how one thing is **related** to another in terms of direction *e.g. towards, into, past* *He walked **past** the window.*

Question 53

prepositions of time

Answer 53

indicate how one thing is **related** to another in terms of time *e.g. after, before* *She went in **after** him.*

Question 54

determiners

Answer 54

identify **which nouns** are being referred to *e.g. the, a, some, these, that, their*

Question 55

definite articles

Answer 55

indicate that the object is **the only one** of its kind or that it is **clearly identified** ***The** book*

Question 56

indefinite articles

Answer 56

indicate that the object is **one of many possible** objects or that it is **not clearly identified** ***A** book*

Question 57

possessive determiners

Answer 57

indicate **who owns** or possesses the item *e.g. **my** book, **her** book

Question 58

determiners that convey quantity/quantifiers

Answer 58

indicate **how many** or **how much** of the object there is *e.g. **some** books, **many** books, **three** books*

Question 59

demonstrative determiners

Answer 59

used to identify the object or noun *e.g. **these** books, **that** book, **this** book*

Question 60

words that **take the place of nouns**, replacing the subject or object to avoid repetition *1st person — I (s), me (s), we (pl), us (pl)* *2nd person — you (s), you (pl)* *3rd person — he (s), she (s), they (s), it (s), they (pl), them (pl)

Answer 60

pronouns

Question 61

'joining' words — **link together** different parts of a sentence

Answer 61

conjunctions/connectives

Question 62

used to **join two clauses** to form a **compound sentence** *e.g. and, but, or* *I went to town **and** bought a pair of shoes.* *She'll either go to Manchester **or** take a gap year.* *They'll look **but** they won't buy.*

Answer 62

co-ordinating conjunctions

Question 63

connect a **subordinate clause to a main clause** *e.g. although, because, unless, until* *She can't get the bus **because** she hasn't got enough money.* ***Until** she passes her driving test, she'll have to use the bus.*

Answer 63

sub-ordinating conjunctions

Question 64

indicate how one thing is **related** to another in terms of its position, direction & time

Answer 64

prepositions

Question 65

indicate how one thing is **related** to another in terms of its position *e.g. at, on, opposite* *The cat is **behind** the dog.*

Answer 65

prepositions of position

Question 66

indicate how one thing is **related** to another in terms of direction *e.g. towards, into, past* *He walked **past** the window.*

Answer 66

prepositions of direction

Question 67

indicate how one thing is **related** to another in terms of time *e.g. after, before* *She went in **after** him.*

Answer 67

prepositions of time

Question 68

identify **which nouns** are being referred to *e.g. the, a, some, these, that, their*

Answer 68

determiners

Question 69

indicate that the object is **the only one** of its kind or that it is **clearly identified** ***The** book*

Answer 69

definite articles

Question 70

indicate that the object is **one of many possible** objects or that it is **not clearly identified** ***A** book*

Answer 70

indefinite articles

Question 71

indicate **who owns** or possesses the item *e.g. **my** book, **her** book

Answer 71

possessive determiners

Question 72

indicate **how many** or **how much** of the object there is *e.g. **some** books, **many** books, **three** books*

Answer 72

determiners that convey quantity/quantifiers

Question 73

used to identify the object or noun *e.g. **these** books, **that** book, **this** book*

Answer 73

demonstrative determiners