spoken language Flashcards
who came up with the cooperative principles?
Grice
what are grice’s cooperative principles?
quantity - get idea across by saying enough.
relevance - assume response has some relevance to topic.
manner - speaking in same register.
quality - assume person is telling truth
people in conversation usually have share goals however some people may flout.
who came up with accommodation theory?
Giles.
what is giles’s accommodation theory?
idea that we converge to person we’re speaking to to show similarities or diverge to highlight differences.
downward convergence is 1 person moving down lang continuum and upward convergence is when 1 person moves up continuum and mutual is meeting in the middle.
what does goffman talk about in his face theory?
the image which we present to others.
to preserve face - don’t interrupt, praise, back channelling, hedging, tag Qs.
to challenge face - interrupt, imperatives, assertive modals.
what do brown and levinson say on politeness?
politeness preserves relationship
positive politeness - praising
negative politeness - not taking away their power
what are the 3 politeness principles and whose are they?
Lakoff! my queen x
give options
make receiver feel good
don’t impose - to preserve face
who talks about restricted and elaborated codes?
Bernstein
what does bernstein say about language codes?
m/c have access to both but w/c only have access to restricted
elaborate codes - extensive vocab, articulate, conjunctions (used in school)
restricted code - basic, slang, nonstandard (informal)
who argued that people are more likely to assume regional accent is guilty of crime?
dixon, mahoney and cox
what is accent?
way you pronounce words
what is dialect?
grammar, lexis, semantics
what is RP?
received pronunciation - prestiged english accent
what is standard english?
the prestiged english dialect
what is regional dialect?
grammar, lexis and semantics used in a particular place
4 attitudes towards RP and standard english?
educated
arrogant
authoritative
pretentious
4 attitudes towards regional accents and dialect?
uneducated
powerless
warm
authentic
reasons why RP and standard english are more prestigous?
bbc adopted them
printing press was brought to LONDON
used in legal docs
public schools use them
what do trudgill’s triangle’s show about accent/dialect?
direct link with accent/dialect and social class.
particularly dialect, the upper classes all use same dialect regardless of location, more variation with accent but still rp linked to top accent.
what was found about jobs and accents?
even if same answers were given, jobs were given to RP accent rather than regional.
5 differences between speech and writing?
speech = direct - writing = distant
speech = primary - writing = secondary (taught)
speech = spontaneous - writing = planned
speech = turn taking - writing = one way
speech = context bound - writing = context free
what is prosody?
way you say something - stress, pitch, volume, pauses.
what are fillers?
words used to fill a sentence eg
like, so, y’know
what is backchanneling?
looking for interactivity such as “you get me?”
what is deixis?
words such as ‘those’ which are context bound
what is ellipsis?
words are missed out - very common in speech
what is hedging?
lessens force of what is being said - ‘sort of’
what are tag questions?
statement with question on the end eg ‘i love poo, don’t you?’
what are adjacency pairs and triplets?
initiation + response
initiation + response + feedback
what id pseudo agreement?
falsely agreeing to save face - ‘yeah but..’
what is phatic communion?
greeting someone just to be polite as social function, not actually asking if they’re alright
‘you alright?’
what is convergence?
meeting someone’s tone/register
what is divergence?
not meeting someone’s tone/register
what are discourse markers?
changes flow of conversation politely ‘anyways’
6 features commonly used in spoken language?
voiced/unvoiced pause
false start
repetition
backchannelling
ellipsis
hedging
tag Qs
pseudo agreement
fatty communion
