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Quiz 4 microbiology > Spirochetes > Flashcards

Spirochetes Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Describe the morphology of spirochetes

A

gram negative, helicoid bacteria (think corkscrew)

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2
Q

Is spirochetes motile?

A

yes! It’s one of the fastest bacteria!

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3
Q

Describe the three major genera of spirochetes

A
  1. Treponema=syphilis
  2. Borrelia=lyme disease
  3. Leptospira
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4
Q

What does treponema look like on a gram stain?

A

Cannot see it on a gram stain. It is too small

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5
Q

What techniques can you use to visualize treponema?

A
  1. dark field stain
  2. immunofluorescence
  3. silver salts
  4. electron microscope
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6
Q

Can you culture treponema?

A

No. Cannot survive in the blood after several days. Therefore, cannot get syphilis from a blood transfusion.

However, you can keep them motile under anaerobic conditions and rich media

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7
Q

What are the different stages of syphilis?

A
  1. Bacterial replication at infection site
  2. Primary lesion that heals spontaneously
  3. Secondary syphilis: Dissemination to rash, arthritis, renal dysfunction. May see sore throat, malaise, skin lesions on face, palms, soles
  4. Tertiary lesions: Occurs many years later. Includes CNS, aortic aneurysms, hypersensitivity lesions
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8
Q

How would you diagnose syphilis?

A
  1. Serologic tests

2. Specific tests

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9
Q

Describe the various serologic tests for syphilis:

A
  1. Wasserman: antibody interacts with cardiolipin
  2. VDRL (venereal disease research laboratory test)
  3. Rapid plasma reagent (clumping of antigen on carbon particles)
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10
Q

Describe the various specific tests for syphilis

A
  1. Fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption
  2. Microhemmaglutination test
  3. ELISA
  4. T. pallidum immobilization test
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11
Q

How is treponema currently being tested for?

A
  1. Direct microscopic exam
  2. Non-treponemal specific tests
  3. Treponemal specific tests
  4. ELISA
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12
Q

can treponema be cultured?

A

no

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13
Q

can syphilis be transmitted through a blood transfusion?

A

no, unless it’s very fresh blood

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14
Q

How is syphilis transmitted?

A
  1. direct genital contact
  2. congenital syphilis–can result in stillbirth or abortion
  3. transfusion if blood if very fresh
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15
Q

What are the three stages of syphilis?

A
  1. bacterial replication at infetion site
  2. primary lesion, heals spontaneously
  3. Secondary lesion: Dissemination to rash on hands/palms, arthritis, renal dysfunction. sore throat malaise
  4. Tertiary lesion: CNS, aortic valves, hypersensitivity MANY YEARS LATER. Not many organisms seen.
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16
Q

Diagnosis and testing of syphilis?

A

Check micro notes

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17
Q

What are the benefits of nontreponemal tests?

A

High sensitivity with lots of false positives. Also possible cross reaction and failure of titers to decline

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18
Q

How does the microhemagglutination test work?

A

Tests for treponemal antibodies

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19
Q

How do you treat syphilis?

A

Penicillin.

If allergic to penicillin, can use tetracycline or erythromycin

20
Q

What are other treponemal diseases?

A
  1. Yaws
  2. bejec
  3. pinta
21
Q

What causes relapsing fever?

A

Borrelia hervisii and borellia recurrentis

22
Q

How are the two different borrelia pathogens of relapsing fever transmitted?

A

B Hernsii transmitted by ticks

B recurrentis transmitted by body louse

23
Q

What are the symptoms of borrelia relapsing fever?

A

Fever, afebrile, relapse. Varies surface antigen frequently, which is encoded on a linear plasmid

24
Q

How do you diagnose borrelia hervisii and borellia recurrentis?

A

Through blood smears

25
Q

How do you treat relapsing fever?

A

Tetracycline/penicillin/erythromycin

26
Q

What causes Lyme disease?

A

borrelia burgdorferi

27
Q

What is the reservoir of Lyme disease?

A

The white footed mouse. Maybe deer

28
Q

Describe the symptoms of Lyme disease

A
  1. papule erythema, with fever, headache, stiff neck
  2. neurologic/cardiac
  3. arthritis
29
Q

How do you diagnose Lyme disease?

A

Bright Red Rash

ELISA of serum

30
Q

How do you treat Lyme disease?

A

Tetracycline

31
Q

How do you treat Lyme disease in children?

A

Ampicillin

32
Q

What does leptospira interrogans cause?

A

nephritis, jaundice, or meningitis

33
Q

How is leptospira interogans transmitted?

A

Through mice or rats/dogs. NOT arthropods!

Usually through infected ANIMAL URINE

34
Q

How is leptospira interogans diagnosed?

A

Through culture–identified serologically

35
Q

How do you treat leptospira interrogans?

A

penicillin or erythromycin or tetracycline

36
Q

What was an early test for syphilis?

A

Wassermann antibody. Note that the antigen that causes the positive result is unknown.

37
Q

What are the modern tests for syphilis?

A

First, start with nonspecific test then follow up with specific tests.

Nonspecific: VDRL test: clumping seen with carrdiolipin

Specific:

  1. FTA-ABS
  2. Micro-hemagglutination: pt serum clumps in the presence of T. pallidum antigen
  3. ELISA
  4. Trepomen pallidum immobilization test: Patient antibody reacts with living T. pallidum, causing loss of mobility
38
Q

What causes false positives in tests for syphilis?

A

Mono, malaria, or no clear reason. Higher rate in VDRL than fluorescent antibody test

39
Q

Is there a vaccine for syphilis?

A

no

40
Q

What causes yaw? How is it transmitted? How do you diagnose it?

A

Yaw is caused by treponema pertenue. Transmitted through open skin sores. Patients show a positive syphilis test. Lesion looks like a raspberry

41
Q

What causes Bejel? How is it transmitted? How do you treated?

A

Bejel is caused by T pallidum. It is transmitted non-venereally and is treated with penicillin

42
Q

What causes pinta? what are the symptoms? hoow do you treat it?

A

Caused by T. carateum. Causes flat skin lesions that heal on their own. Treat with penicillin

43
Q

What is the cause of relapsing fever?

A

Borrelia species–usually borrelia recurrentis, borrelia hernsii

44
Q

Leptospira can cause Weil’s disease. What is that?

A

Infectious jaundice, causing renal failure and hepatic damage

45
Q

What population is at risk for leptospira/

A

sewage workers, slaughter house workers, rat infested areas

Quiz 4 microbiology (5 decks)

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