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Quiz 4 microbiology > Fungi > Flashcards

Fungi Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the two types of subcutaneous mycoses

A
  1. Sporotrichosis

2. Chromoblastomycosis

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2
Q

What is the shape of sporotrichosis?

A

Cigar shaped

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3
Q

Who is at risk for developing sporotrichosis?

A

gardeners. Lives on plants

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4
Q

Symptoms of sporotrichosis

A

local ulcer/pustule

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5
Q

Symptoms of chromoblastomycosis

A

Wart-like lesions that have brown fungal cells

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6
Q

How do you diagnose subcutaenous mycoses?

A

KOH mounts, with biopsies and culture

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7
Q

How do you treat subcutaneous mycoses?

A

Treat with azole therapy

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8
Q

How do you get subcuteanous mycoses?

A

Trauma followed by colonization

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9
Q

How do you contract systemic mycoses?

A

Inhalation of spores

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10
Q

Can systemic mycoses be transmitted to others?

A

No. Only can be contracted from the environment

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11
Q

Which species of fungi can cause systemic mycoses?

A
  1. coccidioides
  2. histoplasma
  3. blastomyces
  4. paracoccidioides
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12
Q

What is special about the morphology of coccidioides?

A

It is dimorphic, either a mold or a spherule.

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13
Q

Where is coccidioides endemic?

A

SW United States

Latin america

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14
Q

What are the symptoms of coccidioides?

A

VALLEY FEVER–cough, sputum, chest pain, malaise, weakness, arthralgia, weight loss. Usually asymptomatic in lungs. Some may have flu like symptoms with some infiltrate. 10% develop erythema nodosum

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15
Q

What form is coccidioides in when it colonizes thhe lung?

A

Lodges in lung as a barrel shaped arthroconidia.

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16
Q

How do you diagnose coccidioides?

A

KOH mounts. CANNOT culture because hazardoous for lab workers

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17
Q

Describe the life cycle of coccioides:

A
  1. Hyphae in soil release arthrospores.
  2. Arthrospores differentiate into spherules whenn inhaled
  3. Endospores form within spherules and rupture to release new spherules
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18
Q

What sort of spores does histoplasma capsulatum produce?

A

microconidia/tuberculate macroconidia

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19
Q

How is histoplasma capsulatum transmitted?

A

Bird droppings

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20
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of histoplasma

A
  1. Microconidia germinate in alveoli
  2. Proliferation in macrophages
  3. lymph, spleen, liver infected
  4. Survives within macrophages
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21
Q

What are the symptoms of histoplasma?

A

Most asymptomatic. Some can have self limited flu symptoms. Chronic pulmonary infection can look like tuberculosis. Fungus colonizes abnormal pulmonary spaces

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22
Q

Where is histoplasma capsulatum endemic?

A

Ohio and Mississippi River valleys

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23
Q

How do you diagnose histoplasma?

A

Wright stain of peripheral blood smear. Can also use fungal stain and test in the urine.

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24
Q

Is skin testing useful for diagnosing histoplasma?

A

No

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25
Q

What is the morphology of blastomyces?

A

broad-based single buds.

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26
Q

Where is blastomyces endemic?

A

North america

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27
Q

What are the symptoms of blastomyces?

A

Usually asymptoatic. Can cause flu symptos or progress to lungs

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28
Q

Blastomycosis commonly infects what animal/

A

dogs

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29
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of blastomyces

A
  1. inhalation of conidial spores from environmennt
  2. Multiplication in lung
  3. Dissemination to visceral organs
30
Q

What is required for blastomyces virulence?

A

Bad1. Similar to invasin gene in bacteria. Works to promote uptake by macrophages

31
Q

Blastomyces cross reacts with

A

histoplasma capsulatum

32
Q

How do you diagnose blastomyces?

A

Observation of thick walled yeast cells with broad based buds

33
Q

What does paracoccidioides brasiliensis look like?

A

Multiple buds with WAGON WHEEL appearance

34
Q

What kind of spores does paracoccidioides formm?

A

pear shaped conidia in environment

35
Q

Where is paracocicdioides endemic?

A

Latin America

36
Q

How do you treat systemic fungal mycoses?

A

Usually self resolves. In severe cases, can use amphotericin for flucanazoles

37
Q

Name the opportunistic mycoses

A
  1. Candida
  2. Cryptococcus
  3. Aspergillus
  4. Mucor & rhizopus
  5. Pneumocystis
38
Q

Does cryptococcus have a capsule? What is it maade out of?

A

The capsule is made out of glucuronoxylomannan. Prevents normal cell fxn

39
Q

Is cryptococci urease positive or negative?

A

positive

40
Q

What is the clinical symptom of cryptococci infection?

A

meningoencephalitis. Slow onset

41
Q

What are the two forms of cryptococci and wherre would you find them?

A

Cryptococci neoformans=bird droppings

Cryptococci gattii: Trees

42
Q

How do you get cryptococci infection?

A

spore inhalation

43
Q

What else does cryptococci produce that is a distinguishing characteristic?

A

Produces melanin from dopamine using phenol oxidases

44
Q

How do you diagnose cryptococci?

A
  1. latex agglutination
  2. India ink wet mount
    RARELY CULTURED
45
Q

What is the morphology of Candida albicans?

A

Oval yeast with single bud. In tissues, can produuce pseudomyphae. Only vegetative forms of real hyphae produced when invading tiissue

46
Q

What are the clinical symptoms of Candida albicans?

A

Thrush, vaginitis, esophagitis, diaper rash, and chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (in IL-17 deficiency)

Can cause fever/sepsis

47
Q

Is DTH testing for candida good for diagnosis?

A

No, because it’s part of the normal flora. It tests for T cell mediated immunity

48
Q

How do you diagnose candida?

A

culture of mucosa/skin. Blood cultures are not useful can be negative in the presence of infectiion.

Definitive identification in patterns of fermentation. Candida albicans forms germ tubes and chlamydospores while other forms of candida do not.

49
Q

What are the two major causes of aspergillosis

A
  1. aspergillus fumigatus and flavas
50
Q

Which species of fungi is NOT dimorphic

A

aspergillus

51
Q

Describe the morphology of aspergillus

A

aerial hyphae with septae that have V shaped branches

52
Q

How do you treat thrush?

A

Fluconazole

53
Q

How do you treat systemic candida mycosis?

A

amphotericin or fluconazole

54
Q

What are the symptoms of aspergillosis?

A

fever, cough, aspergilloma in lungs

Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA)

55
Q

How do you diagnose aspergillosis?

A

biopsy
fungal antigen test (limited sensitivity if pt is alreeady taking therapy)

Can use IgE antibodies to detect aspergillus antigens for ABPA

56
Q

What do mucor and rhizopus look like (morphology)

A

saprophytic molds. NOT dimorphic. Nonseptate hyphae with right angled branches

57
Q

Does mucor/rhizopus have cytoplasmic compartments?

A

No

58
Q

Pneumocystis carinii and pneumonia–what sympptoms does this cause?

A

cough, fever, dyspnea, tachypnea with diffuse interstitial pneumonia

59
Q

Can pneumocystis be cultured?

A

No. Human form is called pneumocystis jiroveci. Other animals have their own species-specific forms.

60
Q

How is pneumocystis transmitted?

A

Transmitted from human to human through aerosol

61
Q

What organism is responsible for causing tinea versicolor?

A

Malassezia furfur

62
Q

What organism is responsible for causing tinea nigra?

A

Cladosporium werneckii

63
Q

What are the clinical features of tinea versicolor

A

hypopigmented areas on skin

64
Q

What are the clinical features of tinea nigra?

A

Brownish spots on skin caused by melanin production by fungus

65
Q

How do you treat cuteaneous mycoses?

A

Topical antifungal creams

66
Q

What is the difference between micro and macroconidia?

A

Infectious forms of the fungi are usually microconidia. In contrast, macroconidia are larger and used for identification

67
Q

What are the advantages of hyphal growth?

A

Apical growth helps invasion of fungus into new areas
Apical Tip extension is rapid
Hyphal tips have penetrating power
Hyphae secrete polymer that allow fungi to break down complex organic molecules

68
Q

Which kind of fungi has a NONclassical dimorphism?

A

Candida albicans. It grows in yeast form in vitro at environmental temperatures but in hyphal forms at physiological temperatures. Both growth forms AND pseudohyphae are found in infected tissue

69
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of histoplasma

A

Inhaled spores germinate after 2-3 days in alveoli
Yeasts grow within macrophages which move to the mediastinal lymph nodes
Yeasts proliferate for 9-15 days. Can survive within macrophages by increasing pH by producing bicarbonate and ammonia, inactivating degradative enzymes

70
Q

What is contained within the cysts of pneumocystis?

A

sporozoites

71
Q

How do you diagnose pneumocystis?

A

Silver stain/fluorescent stain/PCR

Quiz 4 microbiology (5 decks)

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