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Quiz 4 microbiology > Fungi > Flashcards

Fungi Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the two types of subcutaneous mycoses

A
  1. Sporotrichosis

2. Chromoblastomycosis

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2
Q

What is the shape of sporotrichosis?

A

Cigar shaped

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3
Q

Who is at risk for developing sporotrichosis?

A

gardeners. Lives on plants

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4
Q

Symptoms of sporotrichosis

A

local ulcer/pustule

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5
Q

Symptoms of chromoblastomycosis

A

Wart-like lesions that have brown fungal cells

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6
Q

How do you diagnose subcutaenous mycoses?

A

KOH mounts, with biopsies and culture

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7
Q

How do you treat subcutaneous mycoses?

A

Treat with azole therapy

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8
Q

How do you get subcuteanous mycoses?

A

Trauma followed by colonization

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9
Q

How do you contract systemic mycoses?

A

Inhalation of spores

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10
Q

Can systemic mycoses be transmitted to others?

A

No. Only can be contracted from the environment

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11
Q

Which species of fungi can cause systemic mycoses?

A
  1. coccidioides
  2. histoplasma
  3. blastomyces
  4. paracoccidioides
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12
Q

What is special about the morphology of coccidioides?

A

It is dimorphic, either a mold or a spherule.

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13
Q

Where is coccidioides endemic?

A

SW United States

Latin america

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14
Q

What are the symptoms of coccidioides?

A

VALLEY FEVER–cough, sputum, chest pain, malaise, weakness, arthralgia, weight loss. Usually asymptomatic in lungs. Some may have flu like symptoms with some infiltrate. 10% develop erythema nodosum

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15
Q

What form is coccidioides in when it colonizes thhe lung?

A

Lodges in lung as a barrel shaped arthroconidia.

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16
Q

How do you diagnose coccidioides?

A

KOH mounts. CANNOT culture because hazardoous for lab workers

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17
Q

Describe the life cycle of coccioides:

A
  1. Hyphae in soil release arthrospores.
  2. Arthrospores differentiate into spherules whenn inhaled
  3. Endospores form within spherules and rupture to release new spherules
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18
Q

What sort of spores does histoplasma capsulatum produce?

A

microconidia/tuberculate macroconidia

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19
Q

How is histoplasma capsulatum transmitted?

A

Bird droppings

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20
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of histoplasma

A
  1. Microconidia germinate in alveoli
  2. Proliferation in macrophages
  3. lymph, spleen, liver infected
  4. Survives within macrophages
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21
Q

What are the symptoms of histoplasma?

A

Most asymptomatic. Some can have self limited flu symptoms. Chronic pulmonary infection can look like tuberculosis. Fungus colonizes abnormal pulmonary spaces

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22
Q

Where is histoplasma capsulatum endemic?

A

Ohio and Mississippi River valleys

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23
Q

How do you diagnose histoplasma?

A

Wright stain of peripheral blood smear. Can also use fungal stain and test in the urine.

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24
Q

Is skin testing useful for diagnosing histoplasma?

A

No

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25
What is the morphology of blastomyces?
broad-based single buds.
26
Where is blastomyces endemic?
North america
27
What are the symptoms of blastomyces?
Usually asymptoatic. Can cause flu symptos or progress to lungs
28
Blastomycosis commonly infects what animal/
dogs
29
Describe the pathogenesis of blastomyces
1. inhalation of conidial spores from environmennt 2. Multiplication in lung 3. Dissemination to visceral organs
30
What is required for blastomyces virulence?
Bad1. Similar to invasin gene in bacteria. Works to promote uptake by macrophages
31
Blastomyces cross reacts with
histoplasma capsulatum
32
How do you diagnose blastomyces?
Observation of thick walled yeast cells with broad based buds
33
What does paracoccidioides brasiliensis look like?
Multiple buds with WAGON WHEEL appearance
34
What kind of spores does paracoccidioides formm?
pear shaped conidia in environment
35
Where is paracocicdioides endemic?
Latin America
36
How do you treat systemic fungal mycoses?
Usually self resolves. In severe cases, can use amphotericin for flucanazoles
37
Name the opportunistic mycoses
1. Candida 2. Cryptococcus 3. Aspergillus 4. Mucor & rhizopus 5. Pneumocystis
38
Does cryptococcus have a capsule? What is it maade out of?
The capsule is made out of glucuronoxylomannan. Prevents normal cell fxn
39
Is cryptococci urease positive or negative?
positive
40
What is the clinical symptom of cryptococci infection?
meningoencephalitis. Slow onset
41
What are the two forms of cryptococci and wherre would you find them?
Cryptococci neoformans=bird droppings | Cryptococci gattii: Trees
42
How do you get cryptococci infection?
spore inhalation
43
What else does cryptococci produce that is a distinguishing characteristic?
Produces melanin from dopamine using phenol oxidases
44
How do you diagnose cryptococci?
1. latex agglutination 2. India ink wet mount RARELY CULTURED
45
What is the morphology of Candida albicans?
Oval yeast with single bud. In tissues, can produuce pseudomyphae. Only vegetative forms of real hyphae produced when invading tiissue
46
What are the clinical symptoms of Candida albicans?
Thrush, vaginitis, esophagitis, diaper rash, and chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (in IL-17 deficiency) Can cause fever/sepsis
47
Is DTH testing for candida good for diagnosis?
No, because it's part of the normal flora. It tests for T cell mediated immunity
48
How do you diagnose candida?
culture of mucosa/skin. Blood cultures are not useful can be negative in the presence of infectiion. Definitive identification in patterns of fermentation. Candida albicans forms germ tubes and chlamydospores while other forms of candida do not.
49
What are the two major causes of aspergillosis
1. aspergillus fumigatus and flavas
50
Which species of fungi is NOT dimorphic
aspergillus
51
Describe the morphology of aspergillus
aerial hyphae with septae that have V shaped branches
52
How do you treat thrush?
Fluconazole
53
How do you treat systemic candida mycosis?
amphotericin or fluconazole
54
What are the symptoms of aspergillosis?
fever, cough, aspergilloma in lungs Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA)
55
How do you diagnose aspergillosis?
biopsy fungal antigen test (limited sensitivity if pt is alreeady taking therapy) Can use IgE antibodies to detect aspergillus antigens for ABPA
56
What do mucor and rhizopus look like (morphology)
saprophytic molds. NOT dimorphic. Nonseptate hyphae with right angled branches
57
Does mucor/rhizopus have cytoplasmic compartments?
No
58
Pneumocystis carinii and pneumonia--what sympptoms does this cause?
cough, fever, dyspnea, tachypnea with diffuse interstitial pneumonia
59
Can pneumocystis be cultured?
No. Human form is called pneumocystis jiroveci. Other animals have their own species-specific forms.
60
How is pneumocystis transmitted?
Transmitted from human to human through aerosol
61
What organism is responsible for causing tinea versicolor?
Malassezia furfur
62
What organism is responsible for causing tinea nigra?
Cladosporium werneckii
63
What are the clinical features of tinea versicolor
hypopigmented areas on skin
64
What are the clinical features of tinea nigra?
Brownish spots on skin caused by melanin production by fungus
65
How do you treat cuteaneous mycoses?
Topical antifungal creams
66
What is the difference between micro and macroconidia?
Infectious forms of the fungi are usually microconidia. In contrast, macroconidia are larger and used for identification
67
What are the advantages of hyphal growth?
Apical growth helps invasion of fungus into new areas Apical Tip extension is rapid Hyphal tips have penetrating power Hyphae secrete polymer that allow fungi to break down complex organic molecules
68
Which kind of fungi has a NONclassical dimorphism?
Candida albicans. It grows in yeast form in vitro at environmental temperatures but in hyphal forms at physiological temperatures. Both growth forms AND pseudohyphae are found in infected tissue
69
Describe the pathogenesis of histoplasma
Inhaled spores germinate after 2-3 days in alveoli Yeasts grow within macrophages which move to the mediastinal lymph nodes Yeasts proliferate for 9-15 days. Can survive within macrophages by increasing pH by producing bicarbonate and ammonia, inactivating degradative enzymes
70
What is contained within the cysts of pneumocystis?
sporozoites
71
How do you diagnose pneumocystis?
Silver stain/fluorescent stain/PCR

Quiz 4 microbiology (5 decks)

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