Spiralia

Question 1

What taxa are within the lophotrochozoa group? (6)

Answer 1

1. Bryozoa
2. Brachiopods
3. Phoronida
4. Annelida
5. Mollusca
6. Nemertea

Question 2

Which taxa are within the lophophorata group? (4)

Answer 2

1. Bryozoa
   2, Brachiopoda
2. Phoronida
3. Annelids

Question 3

What are the apomorphies of lophotrochozoans? (3)

Answer 3

1. their larva = protonephridia (faces outwards to the enviro)
2. Have Chaetae
3. Beta-chitin

Question 4

spiralia = lophotrochozoa?

Answer 4

true

Question 5

Apomorphies of Platyhelminthes? (3)

Answer 5

1. multiciliated epidermis and gastrodermis
2. two cilia/protonephridial terminal cell
3. Hermaphroditic

Question 6

What are the 4 major classes of Platyhelminthes?

Answer 6

1. Turbellaria
2. Trematoda
3. Monogenea
4. Cestoda

Question 7

TREMATODA - Neodermata… what are their apomorphies? (4)

Answer 7

1. have syncytial cells aka neodermis.
2. is protected from gut enzymes and can absorb nutrients from host
3. usually flatworm or flukes
4. 2+ hosts (molluscs > humans)

Question 8

TREMATODA - Aspidogastrea… what are their apomorphies

Answer 8

1. Large, complex, ventral adult sucker
2. has a shield (aspido=shield)
3. parasitic to fish and turtles

Question 9

TREMATODA - Digenea (Chinese liver fluke)

Apomorphies!? (5)

Answer 9

1. Oral sucker - feeding
2. Ventral sucker - for attachment
3. bulbous pharynx
4. circular muscles
5. longitudinal muscles

Question 10

Digenea life cycle?? (5)

Answer 10

1. embryonated eggs come from human poop
2. eggs ingested by snails (miracidium > cercariae)
3. Free swimming Cercariae encyst on the skin of fish
4. Contaminated fish ingested by humans
5. Metacercariae excyst in duodenumm and become adults in biliary duct
6. REPEAT

Question 11

MONOGENEA - apomorphies? (7)

Answer 11

1. ectoparasites (have 2 suckers)
2. aquatic vertebrate host
3. MONO- one host
4. MONO-asexual
5. Oral sucker - for mucus and scraping
6. Haptor - posterior attachment
7. Larval stage is transmitted?????

Question 12

CESTODA (tapeworms) - apomorphies? (6)

Answer 12

1. Absent gut
2. Ciliated larval epidermis sycytial - ciliated ONCOSPHERE
3. BUT non-ciliated (neodermis) adults
4. scolex - the holdfast organ
5. Neck
6. Strobila - Proglottid

NOTE: not true metameric segmentation - therefore the newest part of the body

Question 13

ROTIFERA - apomorphies? (7)

Answer 13

1. Musculature include: longitudinal, circular, tranverse rings
2. Ciliary corona on head
3. unpaired retrocerebral gland - mucus to lubricate wheel
4. Female has vitellarium - syncytial structure produces eggs
5. Even the body wall has syncytial epidermis
6. Cuticle and Lorica - keratin-like protein as endodermal skeleton
7. Hemocoel

Question 14

CHATEOGNATHA -apomorphies? (5)

Answer 14

1. Grasping spines
2. hood (?)
3. Ciliary fences
4. Double-walled lateral fins
5. Stratified epidermis

Question 15

lophophorate (there’s 4 classes) apomorphies (5)?

Answer 15

1. introverts
2. funicular system - ligament/tendon from stomach to base
3. Colonial
4. Multiciliated cells
5. Coelomopore

Question 16

BRACHIOPODA - apomorphies?

Answer 16

1. Bivalve shell and mantle
2. Brachia - calcareous lophophore support
3. dorsal heart
4. digestive ceca
5. adductor
6. abductor

pedicle

Question 17

ANNELIDA - apomorphies?

Answer 17

1. metamerism (segmentation) so like each segment contains elements of chief system of organs
2. Chaetae made of beta chitin for traction