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Spine Review Flashcards

1
Q

How many vertebrae are in the cervical spine?

A

7

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2
Q

How many vertebrae are in the thoracic vertebra?

A

12

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3
Q

How many vertebrae are in the lumbar spine?

A

5

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4
Q

How many vertebrae are in the sacral spine?

A

5 fused

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5
Q

How many vertebrae are in the coccyx?

A

4 fused

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6
Q

What makes up the functional spinal unit?

A

Two vertebral bodies, one intervertebral disk,facet joints and ligaments.

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7
Q

A functional spinal unit is ALSO called a what?

A

The motion segment of the spine?

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8
Q

The thoracic and sacral curves are what classification of curve?

A

Primary curves

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9
Q

The thoracic and sacral curves are considered what type of curve?

A

Kyphotic

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10
Q

The cervical and lumber curves are what classification of curve?

A

Secondary curve

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11
Q

The cervical and lumber curves are what kind of curve?

A

Lordotic

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12
Q

What is the magnitude of the cervical region?

A

30-35 degrees of lordosis.

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13
Q

What is the magnitude of the thoracic region?

A

40 degrees of kyphosis.

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14
Q

What is the magnitude of the lumber region?

A

45 degrees of lordosis.

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15
Q

What is the primary function of the cervical region?

A

Skull support and rotation.

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16
Q

What is the primary function of the thoracic region?

A

Protect organs with the ribs, lateral flexion and rotation.

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17
Q

What is the primary function of the lumber region?

A

Load bearing and shock absorption.

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18
Q

What is the primary function of the sacral region?

A

Load bearing.

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19
Q

What is the Primary function of the coccyx.?

A

Important attachment site for tendons, ligaments, and muscles. These muscles contribute to sitting, standing and bowel control.

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20
Q

ROM in the cervical region?

A

There is a lose amount of available movement in all 3 planes.

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21
Q

ROM in the thoracic region?

A

Ribs limit thoracic motion.

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22
Q

ROM of the lumbar region?

A

Rotation resistance in the lumbar region.

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23
Q

Motion at each level of the spine is determined by what?

A

The orientation of the facets.

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24
Q

What is facet syndrome?

A

Facet are damaged or deteriorate. This causes nerves that enter exit the facet area to become irritated and cause back muscle spasms.

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25
Facet syndrome is often seen in what populations?
Older adults and arthritic populations.
26
What makes up a facet joint?
A capsule, ligament, cartilage and fat pad that cushions each vertebrae.
27
What are the 3 inter segmental spinal ligaments?
Anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments, and supraspinous ligament.
28
What 3 ligaments are intra segmental spinal ligaments?
Interspinous ligament, intertransverse ligament, and the ligamentum flavum.
29
What is the purpose of the intra segmental spinal ligaments?
To hold the vertebra together.
30
What is the purpose of the inter segmental spinal ligaments?
To span the vertebrae.
31
What does the spine do?
Spinal chord protection, posture, transfers weight from head and neck to the pelvis. And carries compressive force loads.
32
What happens to the spine during flexion?
Anterior tilting and gliding causes widening of intervertebral foramen and separation of spinous processes.
33
What happens to the spine during extension?
Foremen is narrowed and spinous processes move closer together.
34
What is a neurological instability?
The spinal chord is compromised.
35
What is mechanical instability?
When the bony structure is not intact or maintained.
36
What is musculoskeletal instability?
Unstable due to compromised ligamentous injury.
37
What is the Denis 3 column theory.?
A mechanical classification based on anatomical location. Allows for determining the stability of the spine after a injury.
38
What makes up the anterior column in the 3 column theory?
Anterior longitudinal ligament, the anterior 2/3 of the vertebral body, and the anterior 2/3 of the IVD.
39
What makes up the middle column of the 3 column theory?
Posterior longitudinal ligament, posterior 1/3 of the vertebral body, and the posterior 1/3 of the IVD.
40
What makes up the posterior column of the 3 column theory?
Pedicles, ligmentum flavum, facet joints and articular processes, neural arch and inter connecting ligaments.
41
Stability of a 1 column injury?
Stable.
42
Stability of a 2 column injury?
Unstable
43
Stability of a 3 column injury?
Invariably unstable.
44
Loads on the spine are produced by?
Gravitational forces, muscle tension, and extend forces and moments.
45
Physiological loads are shared by?
Spinal musculature and osteo-ligamentous tissues.
46
Muscles have a small moment arm from the spine segment and result in amplification of?
Compressive loads on the spine
47
Macro instability is a?
Gross disruption of the spine.
48
Macro instability can lead to?
A progression in deformity at the injury sit and a possible neurological deficit.
49
Macro instability can be attributed to which possible traumatic and pathological changes?
Fractures, tumors, infections, fracture-dislocations, and spondylolisthesis.
50
Micro instability is?
Instability associated with degenerative disorders of the spine and is often seen in the lumbar spine.
51
Micro instability can be caused by?
Degenerative disk disease, facet degeneration and cartilage degeneration.
52
What are spinal levels used for?
Used to determine where to place pads or other interventions for treatment.
53
Where is cervical level C3?
At the hyoid bone.
54
Where is cervical level C7?
The most prominent cervical spinous process that can be palpated at the back of the neck.
55
Where is thoracic level T1?
At the jugular notch.
56
Where is thoracic level T8/T9?
The xiphoid process.
57
Where is thoracic level T3?
The spine of the scapula.
58
Where is thoracic level T7?
Inferior angle of the scapula.
59
Where is lumbar level L2/L3?
The belly button.
60
Where is lumbar level L4?
The iliac crest.
61
Where is sacral level S1/S2?
ASIS

Spinal (3 decks)

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