Spine 450 Flashcards
1
Q
head influences ____ position
A
spinal
2
Q
what is the shape of the first curve at birth
A
single convex curve –> we are born in kyphosis
3
Q
in infancy what curve develops
A
the cervical spine lordosis from babies on their stomach
4
Q
how does lumbar lordosis become evident
A
walking
5
Q
at what age does curvature in the spine resemble an adult
A
age 10
6
Q
normal curves of the vertebral column enhance what
A
the spines ability to absorb forces
7
Q
what are the 4 sagittal plane curves
A
2 lordotic: cervical and lumbar spines
2 kyphotic thoracic and sacral spines
8
Q
LOG falls on the side of ________ of the spine
A
concavity
9
Q
how many vertebrae total?
A
33
7 C
12T
5 L
5 Sacral (fused)
3-5 coccyx (fused)
10
Q
bone type in Vert bodies
A
trabecular
11
Q
the vertebral arch formed by:
A
pedicles : project from the vert body
laminae: connect to the SP
12
Q
what structures go through the intervertebral foramina and what purpose do they serve
A
nerve roots for myotomes
13
Q
name the processes of the vertebrae (amount and location)
A
1Sp
2 TP
4 articular processes
14
Q
what are the functions of the vertebral processes (3)
A
- muscular attachment
- provide leverage
- artculations
15
Q
what vertebrae has the largest vertebral foramen?
A
cervical (upside down tree for SC)
16
Q
name 2 landmarks on the C vert TPs
A
transverse foramen (for vert artery)
ant/post tubercles –> are bifid and are grooves for spinal nerves
17
Q
how high does the vertebral artery ascend?
A
C2 then hits an angle to C1 to avoid getting twisted in the AA joint
18
Q
uncinate processes of the C vert are what?
A
elevated superlateral margins of the C vert body (posterolateral
19
Q
the bifid SP on C vert is for ______
A
attachment for the lig nuchae
20
Q
why is the C vert saddle shaped
A
to give more congruency bone to bone –> limits motion
21
Q
C7 landmark
A
vertebral prominence
22
Q
TP of T vert extend _______
A
extended posterolaterally
23
Q
TP facets limit what motion
A
flex/ext
24
Q
the head of ribs articulate with _____ for what purpose
A
the vertebral discs to provide reinforcement for disc to avoid herniation
25
Sc joint is the only
cnnection of the upper extremity to the spine
26
rib 12 protects what
kidneys
27
rib head landmark not from osteology *******
intraarticular crest ---> what attaches to the disc
28
costotransverse joint *******
rib tubercle articulation with Costal facet on T vert
29
rib 11/12 atypical features (2)
no neck or tubercle
single art facet
30
lumbar SP 3 is ____
level with L3 body
31
inferior half of the scarum is _____ because __
NWB
the weight is transmitted through the auricular processes on the side of the sacrum
32
female sacrum is ____
wider and flatter
33
tip of the coccyx is located between ___
gluteal eminences
34
surface on sacrum between L5 and sacrum is the
lumbosacral articular surface
35
what in the sacrum is the reference for motion
sacral promontory
36
the sacral canal is for what soft tissues** to pass through (vertebral foramen lookalilke)
cauda equina and the sciatic nerve
37
transverse ridges on the sacrum used to be _____ in vertebrae
vertebral discs
38
is the ant or post sacral foramina larger?
anterior is larger
39
apex of sacrum
bottom of sacrum
40
lateral sacral crest was
tips of TPs
41
median sacral crest was
Sps (now fused)
42
intermediate sacral crest ****
fused articular processes
43
sacral hiatus (by the apex)
opening for passage of cauda equina
44
lateral surface of sacrum articular surface has what kind of cartilage and what kind of joint
hyaline cartilage
both synovial and cartilaginous
45
auricular surface joint starts off _______ in infancy and roughened with walking
planar joint
46
the middle of the auricular surface has the and what attaches there
sacral tuberosity --> attachment for the posterior Sacroiliac joint
47
vertebral facet orientation of C, T, L, S and what motion it stops and what motions are allowed *****
c vert: orientation is more mobile (up and down)
- thats why theres more soft tissue attachment
T vert: facets face front and back
- allow side bend and rotation
- stop flex ext
L vert: facets face inside (top) and outside (bottom)
- allow flex/ext
- stop rotation
Sacral spine:
- stops L5 from sliding off of S1
- stops flex/ext
- needs help from other structures to stop L5 sliding
48
joint between the articular facets of the vertebrae are called and what type of joint are they******
zygopophyseal joint = synovial
49
how many joints between vertebrae? what about T verts
6!!
Zygopophyseal joints (x4)
intervertebral joint (x2)
T verts: have 10 joints
Z joints X 4
intervertebral joint (x2)
costovertebral joint (x2)
costotransverse joint (x2)
50
what forms a triangle in the vertebrae and what does this infer?
the disc and 2 facet joints for the triangle and this infers that motion at one cannot occur without motion at the other 2
51
osteokinematic motions of vertebrae
f/e
lat flex
rotation
52
ranking disc injury possibilities
1. L
2. C
3. T
53
functions of intervertebral discs (2)
1. protect facets from compression
2. affect ROM
54
intervertebral disc components (3) and
annulus fibrosis --> individual ligament on each ring (12-24 rings)
nucleus pulposis --> ball bearing
vertebral end plates --> on top and bottom
55
why is it harder to herniate discs later in life?
stiffer body
jelly inside doughnut hardens
less "give" than before
56
what holds the nucleus pulposis in place?
annulus fibrosis
57
what is the nucleus pulposis made out of?
a high % of water
58
the intervertebral discs account for ___% of length of SC?
25%
59
compression causes Int V disc to shrink how?
Nucleus pulposis to lose water
60
how do we get taller in sleep/recumbency? WHY****
water that was lost in standing is resorbed
- NP is hydroPHILLIC*****
61
why is it bad to do agressive spine mvmnts in the morning????
discs are largest then (filled with water) and can more easily herniate
62
what is a sequestrated disc
NP rips through AF and sits on the nerve root --> a lot of pain
63
where do we see disc pressure on ant surface? post surface?
in felx
in ext
64
can you sprain the zygopophyseal joint?
yes it is synovial and has lig attachments
65
how many ligaments are in the spine and names? what do they resist against?
ALL - ext -->
PLL - flex
lig flavum - f
intertransverse - f
interspinous- f
supraspinous- f
66
importance of ALL
prevents vert hyperextension
67
action of PLL (2)
prevents posterior herniation of NP
weakly resists Hyperflexion
68
ligamentum flavum ***** (5)
- thicker where?
goes from lamina to lamina
yellow from elastin
thicker towards lumbar spine
preserves curvatures****
stops hyperflexion
69
interspinous ligament characteristics (3)
reinforced by ______ at ____
limiits ____
weak , membranous , not elastic
reinforcement at C spine from nuchal lig
- limits opening with flexion
70
supraspinous lig (3)
- ____ fibrous cord
- connects from ___ to _____
blend with
strong fibrous cord
connects from Sp C7- sacrum
blends with fascia
71
intertransverse lig (3)
- connects what
- difference in c to T region
connects TPs
in cervial region: irregular
in T region: round cords connected with deep muscles on back
72
vertebral motion seldom occurs in _____ as it requires ____
one plane , force coupling
73
ex of force coupling in Spine
ex: side bending of spine needs rotation
74
what encompasses the craniovertebral area? (3)
occiput, C1, C2
75
atlantooccipital joint how many DOF
two
- flex/ext
small amount of side bending
76
Atlanto- axial joint encompasses what % of rotation
50% of rotation occurs at AA joint
77
C vert facet joint angle degree is _____ between the ____ and ____ planes
degree is 45 degrees between the frontal _ and transverse planes
78
stability of the C spine is compromised for ______
maximum mobility
79
side bending in C spine results in
right vert body rotation (uncinate processes)
80
normal C spine posture is Lord or kyph?
lordosis
81
C region degrees of motion
flex: 50
ext: 60
lat flex: 45
rot: 80 deg (50% from AAjoint)
82
T spine facet joint orientation _____ is optimal for
towards frontal plane
- optimal for side bending
83
what limits T spine motion (2)
ribs and sternum
84
L spine vs T spine in movement ******
lat flex/ rotation is less in L spine
85
full T spine extension produces
vertical alignment of the T spine
86
why do we have ribs? (2)
protection
movements (pump handle, bucket handle, caliper
87
movements of the T spine and ribs
pump handle (sag plane--> sternum pulls ribs front and back)
Bucket handle (frontal plane --> increase lateral dimension
caliper: protects kidneys
88
L spine facet orientation plane _____ this facilitates ____ and resists
sagittal plane, faciliates F/e and resists rotation
89
all vert facet orientations
C spine: 45 deg angle in frontal and transverse plane
T spine: Frontal plane
L spine: sag plane
90
majority of L spine movement occurs at
L4-L5 and L5-S1
91
L5- S1 facet joint orientation occurs at what plane and provides what (2)
frontal
provids bony stabilization of L5 on S1 and prohibits rotation and anterior shear
92
ALL/PLL are from where to where
C2-sacral spine
93
iliolumbar lig
stabilize L4-L5 on sacrum
resists anterior sheer along with facet orientation
94
what resist anterior sheer in L5-S1 (3)
iliolumbar lig, sacrolumbar lig and facet orientation on frontal plane
95
lumbosacral junction is important cuz it is___
a point of weakness where L5 is mobile and S1 is not
96
lumbosacral junction lig support
iliolumbar lig
sacrolumbar lig
97
what muscle can cause spondy
tight psoas major***
98
Sacroiliac joint has _____ mvmnt
minimal
99
what kind of cartilage is the SI joint?
hyaline on sacrum and fibrocartilaginous on ilium
100
nutation = sacral ____
sacral flexion
101
counternutation = sacral ____
sacral extension
102
nutation and counternutation is reference from the ______
sacral promontory
103
nutation (3) --> joint socket is ____
- sacral locking
- posterior rotation of ilium on sacrum
- ilia moves together and ishial tuberosities move apart
- resisted by ST lig
- joint socket appears higher
104
counternutation
- sacral unlocking
- anterior rotation of ilium on sacrum
- ilia moves apart and ishial tuberosities move together
- limited by posterior SI lig
- joint socket appears lower
105
The ligs that hold the Si joint together are ______ in front and ______ on back
thin in front, thick on back
106
Sacrotuberous joint resists
excessive sacral flexion (nutation)
107
anterior Sacroiliac joint is _____ on ant side
thinner on ant side
108
inguinal ligament
from ASIS to pubic tubercle
109
sacrospinous ligament purpose is to create____
the sciatic notch
110
pubic symphysis has small motion but ______
in conjunction with the SI joint
111
pubic symphysis has a _______
fibrocartilaginous disc
112
thoracolumbar fascia connects your_____ to your _____
tailbone to your skull
113
what muscles attach to Thoracolumbar fascia
transverse abdominis and latissimus dorsi
114
neck rectitude muscle involved
longus colli
115
primary neck flexors **** for middy
scalene group: A/M connect to Rib 1
- P to rib 2
SCM: bossy big brother
- takes over all prevertebral muscles --> become soupy
116
plexus with scalenes
exits between scalene muscles
- arm can become numb if the scalene muscels are tight
117
why is the SCM the bossy big brother
takes over all prevertebrals
- prevertebrals become soupy
118
rectus capitus posterior minor important*****
has a direct connection with the dura mater
119
erector spinae is covered by
upper trap and lev scap
120
splenius group (2)
- stringy muscles
- bigger and flatter the more superficial they get
121
deep group: transversospinalis group
Between TP and SP of spine
- obliquity oriented so involved in rotation
- high force sustaining
122
erector spinae group (3) and what fiber orientation
iliocostalis
longissimus
spinalis
move med to lat
these are long muscles so they are antigravity muscles that hold you up
123
quadratus lumboris important for
important for hip hiking
124
what helps hip hiking (2 muscles)
QL and Erector spinae
125
quadratus lumborum (3 important actions**)**** IDK THIS
- theatre curtain
- helps inhale
1. elevates ipsilateral pelvis
2. side flexes ipsilateral
3. assists in extension lower lumbar spine ; anterior tilt pelvis
126
anterior and lateral trunk muscles role in gait (5)**** on middy
1. rectus abdominis
2.a int oblique: runs from side up
2.b ext oblique: merge with SA
3. transverse abdominis : girdle muscles that starts on TC fascia
4. external and internal intercostals
5. diaphragm
127
diaphragm central tendon is important cuz
muscle gathering on tendon is where the pericardium sits which assists the heart to pump blood
128
how does diaphragm help with digestion? (4)
crura do what
1. crura of diaphragm reach down to L3 and L2 crossing the Psoas major
2. promotes blood flow and digestion through peristaliss
3. the diaphragm pushes the gut down in inhalation
4. also pevlic floor (with nutation and counternutation) helps move food along
129
inspiration muscles are ___ diaphragm
above
130
exspiration muscles are ___ diaphragm
below
131
temporalis is like a fan
has a alot of pwoer
