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Spine 450 > Spine 450 > Flashcards

Spine 450 Flashcards

1
Q

head influences ____ position

A

spinal

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2
Q

what is the shape of the first curve at birth

A

single convex curve –> we are born in kyphosis

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3
Q

in infancy what curve develops

A

the cervical spine lordosis from babies on their stomach

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4
Q

how does lumbar lordosis become evident

A

walking

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5
Q

at what age does curvature in the spine resemble an adult

A

age 10

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6
Q

normal curves of the vertebral column enhance what

A

the spines ability to absorb forces

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7
Q

what are the 4 sagittal plane curves

A

2 lordotic: cervical and lumbar spines

2 kyphotic thoracic and sacral spines

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8
Q

LOG falls on the side of ________ of the spine

A

concavity

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9
Q

how many vertebrae total?

A

33
7 C
12T
5 L
5 Sacral (fused)
3-5 coccyx (fused)

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10
Q

bone type in Vert bodies

A

trabecular

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11
Q

the vertebral arch formed by:

A

pedicles : project from the vert body
laminae: connect to the SP

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12
Q

what structures go through the intervertebral foramina and what purpose do they serve

A

nerve roots for myotomes

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13
Q

name the processes of the vertebrae (amount and location)

A

1Sp
2 TP
4 articular processes

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14
Q

what are the functions of the vertebral processes (3)

A
  1. muscular attachment
  2. provide leverage
  3. artculations
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15
Q

what vertebrae has the largest vertebral foramen?

A

cervical (upside down tree for SC)

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16
Q

name 2 landmarks on the C vert TPs

A

transverse foramen (for vert artery)
ant/post tubercles –> are bifid and are grooves for spinal nerves

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17
Q

how high does the vertebral artery ascend?

A

C2 then hits an angle to C1 to avoid getting twisted in the AA joint

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18
Q

uncinate processes of the C vert are what?

A

elevated superlateral margins of the C vert body (posterolateral

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19
Q

the bifid SP on C vert is for ______

A

attachment for the lig nuchae

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20
Q

why is the C vert saddle shaped

A

to give more congruency bone to bone –> limits motion

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21
Q

C7 landmark

A

vertebral prominence

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22
Q

TP of T vert extend _______

A

extended posterolaterally

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23
Q

TP facets limit what motion

A

flex/ext

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24
Q

the head of ribs articulate with _____ for what purpose

A

the vertebral discs to provide reinforcement for disc to avoid herniation

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25
Q

Sc joint is the only

A

cnnection of the upper extremity to the spine

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26
Q

rib 12 protects what

A

kidneys

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27
Q

rib head landmark not from osteology ***

A

intraarticular crest —> what attaches to the disc

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28
Q

costotransverse joint ***

A

rib tubercle articulation with Costal facet on T vert

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29
Q

rib 11/12 atypical features (2)

A

no neck or tubercle
single art facet

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30
Q

lumbar SP 3 is ____

A

level with L3 body

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31
Q

inferior half of the scarum is _____ because __

A

NWB
the weight is transmitted through the auricular processes on the side of the sacrum

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32
Q

female sacrum is ____

A

wider and flatter

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33
Q

tip of the coccyx is located between ___

A

gluteal eminences

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34
Q

surface on sacrum between L5 and sacrum is the

A

lumbosacral articular surface

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35
Q

what in the sacrum is the reference for motion

A

sacral promontory

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36
Q

the sacral canal is for what soft tissues** to pass through (vertebral foramen lookalilke)

A

cauda equina and the sciatic nerve

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37
Q

transverse ridges on the sacrum used to be _____ in vertebrae

A

vertebral discs

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38
Q

is the ant or post sacral foramina larger?

A

anterior is larger

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39
Q

apex of sacrum

A

bottom of sacrum

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40
Q

lateral sacral crest was

A

tips of TPs

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41
Q

median sacral crest was

A

Sps (now fused)

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42
Q

intermediate sacral crest **

A

fused articular processes

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43
Q

sacral hiatus (by the apex)

A

opening for passage of cauda equina

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44
Q

lateral surface of sacrum articular surface has what kind of cartilage and what kind of joint

A

hyaline cartilage
both synovial and cartilaginous

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45
Q

auricular surface joint starts off _______ in infancy and roughened with walking

A

planar joint

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46
Q

the middle of the auricular surface has the and what attaches there

A

sacral tuberosity –> attachment for the posterior Sacroiliac joint

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47
Q

vertebral facet orientation of C, T, L, S and what motion it stops and what motions are allowed *****

A

c vert: orientation is more mobile (up and down)
- thats why theres more soft tissue attachment

T vert: facets face front and back
- allow side bend and rotation
- stop flex ext

L vert: facets face inside (top) and outside (bottom)
- allow flex/ext
- stop rotation

Sacral spine:
- stops L5 from sliding off of S1
- stops flex/ext
- needs help from other structures to stop L5 sliding

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48
Q

joint between the articular facets of the vertebrae are called and what type of joint are they****

A

zygopophyseal joint = synovial

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49
Q

how many joints between vertebrae? what about T verts

A

6!!
Zygopophyseal joints (x4)
intervertebral joint (x2)

T verts: have 10 joints
Z joints X 4
intervertebral joint (x2)
costovertebral joint (x2)
costotransverse joint (x2)

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50
Q

what forms a triangle in the vertebrae and what does this infer?

A

the disc and 2 facet joints for the triangle and this infers that motion at one cannot occur without motion at the other 2

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51
Q

osteokinematic motions of vertebrae

A

f/e
lat flex
rotation

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52
Q

ranking disc injury possibilities

A
  1. L
  2. C
  3. T
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53
Q

functions of intervertebral discs (2)

A
  1. protect facets from compression
  2. affect ROM
54
Q

intervertebral disc components (3) and

A

annulus fibrosis –> individual ligament on each ring (12-24 rings)
nucleus pulposis –> ball bearing
vertebral end plates –> on top and bottom

55
Q

why is it harder to herniate discs later in life?

A

stiffer body
jelly inside doughnut hardens
less “give” than before

56
Q

what holds the nucleus pulposis in place?

A

annulus fibrosis

57
Q

what is the nucleus pulposis made out of?

A

a high % of water

58
Q

the intervertebral discs account for ___% of length of SC?

A

25%

59
Q

compression causes Int V disc to shrink how?

A

Nucleus pulposis to lose water

60
Q

how do we get taller in sleep/recumbency? WHY**

A

water that was lost in standing is resorbed
- NP is hydroPHILLIC*****

61
Q

why is it bad to do agressive spine mvmnts in the morning????

A

discs are largest then (filled with water) and can more easily herniate

62
Q

what is a sequestrated disc

A

NP rips through AF and sits on the nerve root –> a lot of pain

63
Q

where do we see disc pressure on ant surface? post surface?

A

in felx
in ext

64
Q

can you sprain the zygopophyseal joint?

A

yes it is synovial and has lig attachments

65
Q

how many ligaments are in the spine and names? what do they resist against?

A

ALL - ext –>
PLL - flex
lig flavum - f
intertransverse - f
interspinous- f
supraspinous- f

66
Q

importance of ALL

A

prevents vert hyperextension

67
Q

action of PLL (2)

A

prevents posterior herniation of NP
weakly resists Hyperflexion

68
Q

ligamentum flavum ***** (5)
- thicker where?

A

goes from lamina to lamina
yellow from elastin
thicker towards lumbar spine
preserves curvatures**
stops hyperflexion

69
Q

interspinous ligament characteristics (3)
reinforced by ______ at ____
limiits ____

A

weak , membranous , not elastic
reinforcement at C spine from nuchal lig
- limits opening with flexion

70
Q

supraspinous lig (3)
- ____ fibrous cord
- connects from ___ to _____
blend with

A

strong fibrous cord
connects from Sp C7- sacrum
blends with fascia

71
Q

intertransverse lig (3)
- connects what
- difference in c to T region

A

connects TPs
in cervial region: irregular
in T region: round cords connected with deep muscles on back

72
Q

vertebral motion seldom occurs in _____ as it requires ____

A

one plane , force coupling

73
Q

ex of force coupling in Spine

A

ex: side bending of spine needs rotation

74
Q

what encompasses the craniovertebral area? (3)

A

occiput, C1, C2

75
Q

atlantooccipital joint how many DOF

A

two
- flex/ext
small amount of side bending

76
Q

Atlanto- axial joint encompasses what % of rotation

A

50% of rotation occurs at AA joint

77
Q

C vert facet joint angle degree is _____ between the ____ and ____ planes

A

degree is 45 degrees between the frontal _ and transverse planes

78
Q

stability of the C spine is compromised for ______

A

maximum mobility

79
Q

side bending in C spine results in

A

right vert body rotation (uncinate processes)

80
Q

normal C spine posture is Lord or kyph?

A

lordosis

81
Q

C region degrees of motion

A

flex: 50
ext: 60
lat flex: 45
rot: 80 deg (50% from AAjoint)

82
Q

T spine facet joint orientation _____ is optimal for

A

towards frontal plane
- optimal for side bending

83
Q

what limits T spine motion (2)

A

ribs and sternum

84
Q

L spine vs T spine in movement ****

A

lat flex/ rotation is less in L spine

85
Q

full T spine extension produces

A

vertical alignment of the T spine

86
Q

why do we have ribs? (2)

A

protection

movements (pump handle, bucket handle, caliper

87
Q

movements of the T spine and ribs

A

pump handle (sag plane–> sternum pulls ribs front and back)

Bucket handle (frontal plane –> increase lateral dimension

caliper: protects kidneys

88
Q

L spine facet orientation plane _____ this facilitates ____ and resists

A

sagittal plane, faciliates F/e and resists rotation

89
Q

all vert facet orientations

A

C spine: 45 deg angle in frontal and transverse plane

T spine: Frontal plane

L spine: sag plane

90
Q

majority of L spine movement occurs at

A

L4-L5 and L5-S1

91
Q

L5- S1 facet joint orientation occurs at what plane and provides what (2)

A

frontal
provids bony stabilization of L5 on S1 and prohibits rotation and anterior shear

92
Q

ALL/PLL are from where to where

A

C2-sacral spine

93
Q

iliolumbar lig

A

stabilize L4-L5 on sacrum

resists anterior sheer along with facet orientation

94
Q

what resist anterior sheer in L5-S1 (3)

A

iliolumbar lig, sacrolumbar lig and facet orientation on frontal plane

95
Q

lumbosacral junction is important cuz it is___

A

a point of weakness where L5 is mobile and S1 is not

96
Q

lumbosacral junction lig support

A

iliolumbar lig
sacrolumbar lig

97
Q

what muscle can cause spondy

A

tight psoas major***

98
Q

Sacroiliac joint has _____ mvmnt

A

minimal

99
Q

what kind of cartilage is the SI joint?

A

hyaline on sacrum and fibrocartilaginous on ilium

100
Q

nutation = sacral ____

A

sacral flexion

101
Q

counternutation = sacral ____

A

sacral extension

102
Q

nutation and counternutation is reference from the ______

A

sacral promontory

103
Q

nutation (3) –> joint socket is ____

A
  • sacral locking
  • posterior rotation of ilium on sacrum
  • ilia moves together and ishial tuberosities move apart
  • resisted by ST lig
  • joint socket appears higher
104
Q

counternutation

A
  • sacral unlocking
  • anterior rotation of ilium on sacrum
  • ilia moves apart and ishial tuberosities move together
  • limited by posterior SI lig
  • joint socket appears lower
105
Q

The ligs that hold the Si joint together are ______ in front and ______ on back

A

thin in front, thick on back

106
Q

Sacrotuberous joint resists

A

excessive sacral flexion (nutation)

107
Q

anterior Sacroiliac joint is _____ on ant side

A

thinner on ant side

108
Q

inguinal ligament

A

from ASIS to pubic tubercle

109
Q

sacrospinous ligament purpose is to create____

A

the sciatic notch

110
Q

pubic symphysis has small motion but ______

A

in conjunction with the SI joint

111
Q

pubic symphysis has a _______

A

fibrocartilaginous disc

112
Q

thoracolumbar fascia connects your_____ to your _____

A

tailbone to your skull

113
Q

what muscles attach to Thoracolumbar fascia

A

transverse abdominis and latissimus dorsi

114
Q

neck rectitude muscle involved

A

longus colli

115
Q

primary neck flexors ** for middy

A

scalene group: A/M connect to Rib 1
- P to rib 2

SCM: bossy big brother
- takes over all prevertebral muscles –> become soupy

116
Q

plexus with scalenes

A

exits between scalene muscles
- arm can become numb if the scalene muscels are tight

117
Q

why is the SCM the bossy big brother

A

takes over all prevertebrals
- prevertebrals become soupy

118
Q

rectus capitus posterior minor important*****

A

has a direct connection with the dura mater

119
Q

erector spinae is covered by

A

upper trap and lev scap

120
Q

splenius group (2)

A
  • stringy muscles
  • bigger and flatter the more superficial they get
121
Q

deep group: transversospinalis group

A

Between TP and SP of spine
- obliquity oriented so involved in rotation
- high force sustaining

122
Q

erector spinae group (3) and what fiber orientation

A

iliocostalis
longissimus
spinalis

move med to lat

these are long muscles so they are antigravity muscles that hold you up

123
Q

quadratus lumboris important for

A

important for hip hiking

124
Q

what helps hip hiking (2 muscles)

A

QL and Erector spinae

125
Q

quadratus lumborum (3 important actions)** IDK THIS

A
  • theatre curtain
  • helps inhale
  1. elevates ipsilateral pelvis
  2. side flexes ipsilateral
  3. assists in extension lower lumbar spine ; anterior tilt pelvis
126
Q

anterior and lateral trunk muscles role in gait (5)** on middy

A
  1. rectus abdominis
    2.a int oblique: runs from side up
    2.b ext oblique: merge with SA
  2. transverse abdominis : girdle muscles that starts on TC fascia
  3. external and internal intercostals
  4. diaphragm
127
Q

diaphragm central tendon is important cuz

A

muscle gathering on tendon is where the pericardium sits which assists the heart to pump blood

128
Q

how does diaphragm help with digestion? (4)

crura do what

A
  1. crura of diaphragm reach down to L3 and L2 crossing the Psoas major
  2. promotes blood flow and digestion through peristaliss
  3. the diaphragm pushes the gut down in inhalation
  4. also pevlic floor (with nutation and counternutation) helps move food along
129
Q

inspiration muscles are ___ diaphragm

A

above

130
Q

exspiration muscles are ___ diaphragm

A

below

131
Q

temporalis is like a fan

A

has a alot of pwoer

Spine 450 (2 decks)

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