Spine Flashcards
In early life, the vertebral column consists of how many bones?
33
Which are the true vertebrae and how many are there?
CTL vertebrae, 24
which vertebral curves convex anteriorly?
lordotic curves
which vertebral curves concave anteriorly?
kyphotic curves
curve for cervical region
lordotic
curve for thoracic region
kyphotic
curve for lumbar region
lordotic
curve for pelvic region
kyphotic
a condition of abnormal lateral curvature of the spine
scoliosis
a condition of increased kyphotic curve of the thoracic spine
kyphosis
Connects the transverse process with spinous process
Laminae
Angulation of Swimmers
3-5 degrees caudad
Solid anterior part of vertebra
Body
Articular process
Z joint
Process extending laterally from the pedicle-lamina junction.
Transverse process
Process extending posteriorly from the junction of both laminae
Spinous process
Process extending laterally and posteriorly from the body
Pedicles
Pedicle is posterior to vertebral body on oblique l-spine, patient is under or over rotated?
over
Pedicle is anterior to vertebral body on oblique l-spine, patient is under or over rotated?
under
L5-S1 Lateral angulation if spine is not in true horizontal position
5 degrees caudal male
8 degrees caudal female
Lateral L-Spine, no sponge angulation
hips
5 degrees caudal males
8 degrees caudal females
Lumbo-sacral AP CR
L4
L-Spine AP CR
L3
Lateral T-Spine, no sponge angulation
shoulders
10 degrees females
15 degrees males
Anode heel effect for T-Spine does what
cathode at feet sends greatest amount of radiation to thickest part
C-Spine Oblique Rotation and CR angle
45 degree rotation 15-20 degree cephalad
When should the Fuchs not be done
if fracture or degenerative disease of the upper cervical region is suspected
Forward displacement of a vertebra over a lower vertebra, usually L5-S1
Spondylolisthesis
Lumbar vertebrae-part of the lamina between the superior and inferior articular processes is called _____
pars interarticularis
Which is the essential projection used to demonstrate the zygapophyseal joints of the lumbar spine?
AP oblique, RPO and LPO position
The zygapophyseal joints of the vertebral column are classified as:
synovial—gliding
The part of the lamina that lies between the superior and inferior articular processes on a typical lumbar vertebra is called the:
pars interarticularis
Spina bifida is a congenital deformity of the vertebral column in which the ____ fail to unite posteriorly.
Lamina
Which of the following methods is used to evaluate the thoracic and lumbar spine during scoliosis radiography?
Ferguson
The Grandy method is a(n):
lateral projection of the cervical vertebrae
Which of the following devices should be used to improve image quality on the lateral projection of the sacrum or coccyx?
1. Sandbags
2. Close collimation
3. Sheet of leaded rubber
Close collimation, Sheet of leaded rubber
Which projection of the lumbar spine displays the vertebrae in the form of a “Scottie dog”?
1. Lateral
2. AP oblique
3. PA oblique
AP oblique, PA oblique
Which zygapophyseal joints are demonstrated on the AP oblique projection of the lumbar spine?
joints closest to the IR
When the spine cannot be placed in a true horizontal position for the L5-S1 lateral projection, the central ray must be angled:
5 degrees men, 8 degrees women, caudad
What describes the central-ray centering point for the L5-S1 lateral projection?
2 inches posterior to the ASIS and 1.5 inches below the iliac crest
Which of the following should be performed to reduce the lordotic curvature of the lumbar spine for the AP projection?
1. Flex the hips.
2. Flex the knees.
3. Flex the elbows.
Flex the hips, Flex the knees
Where is the central ray directed for a lateral thoracic spine?
T7
What is the central-ray angulation for the lateral projection of the thoracic spine if the vertebral column is not elevated to a horizontal plane?
10 to 15° cephalad
An abnormal increase in the convexity of the thoracic spine is termed:
Kyphosis
Which projections will demonstrate the right sacroiliac joint?
(1) AP oblique, LPO position
(2) AP oblique, RPO position
(3) PA oblique, RAO position
1 & 3
What level is central ray directed for an AP lumbosacral spine?
Iliac crests
The angle of the articulation between the sacrum and the ilia (the sacroiliac joints) is:
25 to 30°
On each side of the sacral base is a large wing-like mass called the:
Ala
Where does the central ray enter when positioned for a lateral sacrum?
At the level of the ASIS and 3.5 inches posterior
Occasionally, a patient may have to be placed in the prone position for a sacrum radiography, and a PA projection performed. What is the central-ray angle for this projection?
15° caudad
The central-ray angle for an AP axial projection of the sacrum is
15° cephalic
How many degrees is the body rotated for the AP oblique projection of the sacroiliac joint?
25 to 30°
An abnormal increase in the convexity of the lumbar spine is termed:
Lordosis
When only the lumbar vertebrae (not lumbosacral) are imaged in the AP projection, the central ray is directed:
1.5 inches above the iliac crest
Which thoracic vertebrae contain costal facets on the transverse process?
T 1 - T 10
If the lumbar spine cannot be adjusted so it is horizontal for the lateral projection, the central ray should be angled how many degrees and in what direction?
5° men, 8° women- caudad
If the pedicle is posterior on vertebral body, this means the patient is rotated not enough. TRUE/FALSE?
False
The average range of the angle of the L1-L3 zygapophyseal joints are ?
0 to 30 degrees
If support is not placed under the lower thoracic vertebrae for a lateral projection, the central ray may have to be angled. What is the degree of angulation that would be required?
10 to 15° cephalic
Ideally, the cathode end of an x-ray tube should be positioned to take advantage of the “heel effect” of the tube. Where should the cathode be placed for an AP thoracic spine?
Toward the feet
Where does the central ray enter the patient for an AP axial projection of the sacrum?
2 inches superior to the pubic symphysis
the average range of the angle of the L4-S1 zygapophyseal joints are ?
45 to 60°
Where does the central ray enter the patient for an AP axial projection of the coccyx?
2 inches superior to the pubic symphysis
Which method uses a chewing motion (wagging jaw) of the mandible to demonstrate the cervical spine in an AP projection?
Ottonello Method
