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clin kines 2 > spine > Flashcards

spine Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the appendicular skeleton?

A

Bones of extremities: clavicle, scapula and pelvis

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2
Q

What makes up the axial skeleton?

A

Cranium, vertebral column, ribs and sternum

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3
Q

Axial and appendicular skeleton articulate sup? inf?

A

S: sternoclavicular joints
I: sacroiliac joints

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4
Q

What 2 bones of the cranium form part of the lateral external surface of the skull surrounding and including the external acoustic meatus?

A

Temporal

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5
Q

T/F: temporal bone forms the posterior base of the skull

A

F: occipital

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6
Q

Vertebrae divided into 3 components:

A

Ant
Post
Connection between ^

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7
Q

T/F: body of vertebrae= ant (primary wt bearing component)

A

T

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8
Q

Post vertebrae consists of what structures?
(posterior elements)

A

Transverse and spinous process
Laminae
Articular process

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9
Q

___ acts as a bridge connects body and post elements

A

Pedicles

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10
Q

__ # ribs

A

12

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11
Q

T/F: the head, neck and articular tubercle of a rib is anterior

A

F: posterior

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12
Q

What 2 costovertebral joints do the ribs form?

A

Costocorporeal
Costotransverse

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13
Q

T/F: costovertebral joints anchor the post end of rib to corresponding vertebra

A

T

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14
Q

Costocorporeal joint connects __ and __

A

Head rib
Pair costal demifacets (span 2 adjacent vertebrae) and vertebral disc

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15
Q

Costotransverse joint connects __ and __

A

Articular tubercle of rib
Costal facet on the transverse process of a corresponding vertebra

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16
Q

Ribs #_____ attach directly/indirectly to sternum

A

1-10

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17
Q

T/F:cartilage of ribs 1-10 attach directly to lateral border of the sternum

A

F: 1-7

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18
Q

T/F: cartilage of ribs 8-10 attach to sternum by fusing to the cartilage go the immediately superior rib

A

T

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19
Q

T/F: ribs 10-12 are floating ribs

A

F: 11-12

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20
Q

Sternum is concave & smooth ___ and convex & rough ___

A

Posterior
Anterior

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21
Q

__# vertebral segments

A

33

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22
Q

What are the 5 regions of the spine?

A

Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Coccyx

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23
Q

__ C, __ T, __ L, __ S, __ C

A

7
12
5
5
4

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24
Q

In anatomical pos, cervical and lumbar regions are convex __ and concave __ –> lordosis

A

Ant
Post

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25
Q

T/F: lumbar region exhibits more lordosis than cervical

A

T

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26
Q

T/F: thoracic exhibits kyphosis

A

F: thoracic and sacrococcygeal

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27
Q

Kyphosis = concave ___, convex ___

A

Ant
Post

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28
Q

T/F: curvatures of spine don’t change

A

F: dynamic and do change w/ mvt and adjusting posture

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29
Q

Ext column accentuates __, reduces __

A

Lordosis
Kyphosis

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30
Q

Flex column flattens __, accentuates

A

Cervical and Lumbar
Thoracic

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31
Q

T/F: sacrococcygeal curvature = fixed

A

T

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32
Q

T/F: vertebral column of fetus = mostly lordosis throughout development

A

F: kyphotic w/ development of lordosis @ C&L regions after birth

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33
Q

Line of gravity falls on which part of spine?

A

Concave side of apex of each regions curvature

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34
Q

T/F: excessive lumbar lordosis= compensation for excessive thoracic kyphosis

A

T

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35
Q

Swayback posture consists of excessive …

A

Thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis

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36
Q

Rounded back consists of …

A

Excessive thoracic kyphosis and reduced lumbar lordosis

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37
Q

What are the functions of spinal ligaments?

A

Limit motion
Maintain natural curvature
Stabilize spine
Protect spinal cord and nerve roots

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38
Q

Ligamentum flavum experiences ___% inc in strain betw anatomic pos and full flexion

A

35

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39
Q

Extreme flexion may rupture what ligament?

A

Ligamentum flavum

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40
Q

T/F: ligamentum flavum= thickest in cervical region, where the magnitude of intervertebral flexion= largest

A

F: lumbar

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41
Q

T/F: ligamentum flavum elasticity exerts a small but constant compressive force betw vertebrae preventing buckling inward during full ext

A

T

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42
Q

Deeper part (more elastin-rich) of interspinous lig blend w/ ___, superficial (more collagen) blend w/

A

Ligamentum flavum
Supraspinous lig

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43
Q

With extreme flex, what lig = ruptured first?

A

Supraspinous lig

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44
Q

T/F: ant and post longitudinal lig= named according to relationship to spinal cord

A

F: vertebral body

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45
Q

T/F: capsular lig apophyseal joints guide specific direction of intervertebral mvt (elastin and collagen)

A

T

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46
Q

Capsular lig= lax in __, but some fibers = taut as joint approaches extremes of all its mvt

A

Anatomic pos

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47
Q

T/F: passive tension= naturally greatest in motions create largest relative mvt betw joint surfaces such as full ext in C region

A

F: full flexion

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48
Q

AoR of intervertebral mvt=

A

Near/through region of vertebral body

49
Q

Sagittal plane mvt, any lig loc __ to vertebral body = taut during flexion

A

Post

50
Q

T/F: all lig of spine= taut in flexion

A

F: all but ant longitudinal

51
Q

What is spinal instability?

A

Loss of natural intervertebral stiffness that can lead to abnormal and inc intervertebral stiffness

52
Q

What is the neutral zone?

A

Any of intervertebral mvt occurs w/ least passive resistance from surrounding tissues

53
Q

T/F; natural zone of minimal stiffness inc w/ injury/weakness of surrounding tissues

A

T

54
Q

Cervical vertebrae contains __ loc w/in transverse process

A

Transverse foramina

55
Q

T/F: vertebral artery loc post to spinal nerve roots

A

F: ant

56
Q

T/F: all cervical vertebrae= typical

A

F: C1,2,7= atypical

57
Q

T/F: C3-6 bodies= wider side-side than front-back

A

T

58
Q

C3-6 superior surface = __ side-side w/ raised lateral hooks called unite process

A

Concave

59
Q

C3-6 inferior surface= __ ant-post

A

Concave

60
Q

Sup articular facets of C3-6 faces ___, inf faces___

A

Post and sup
Ant and inf

61
Q

What is the func of atlas (C1)?

A

Support head

62
Q

T/F: C7= largets C vertebrae

A

T

63
Q

What are other names for C1,2,7?

A

Atlas
Axis
Vertebra prominens

64
Q

What are the atypical T vertebrae?

A

T1, 10-12

65
Q

T1= __ costal facet sup (head of rib 1), and demifacet ___ (part of head of 2nd rib)

A

Full
Inferiorly

66
Q

T10-12 have __ facet w/ respective ribs, but no costotransverse joints

A

Full costal

67
Q

L region: sup articular facets face ___, inf faces __

A

Med to post-med (concave)
Lat to ant-lat (convex)

68
Q

Sacrum base faces __, apex= __

A

Sup
Inf

69
Q

Func of sacrum?

A

Transmits wt of vertebral column - pelvis

70
Q

Ant surface of sacrum= __, dorsal=__

A

Concave (smooth)
Convex (rough)

71
Q

What is the sacral promontory?

A

Ant edge of body of S1

72
Q

Sacroiliac joint= formed from?

A

Auricular surface of sacrum and ilium

73
Q

What forms the sacrococcygeal joint?

A

Apex sacrum and base of coccyx

74
Q

3 intervertebral junction has 3 functional components, what are they?

A

Transverse and spinous processes
Apophyseal joint
Interbody joint

75
Q

T/F: TP and SP guide intervert motion

A

F: apophyseal joints
(TP and SP inc mechanical leverage of musc and lig)

76
Q

Interbody joints connect ___ and ___

A

Intervertebral disc and pair of vertebral bodies

77
Q

What is the function of intervertebral bodies?

A

Absorb and distribute loads across vertebral columns

78
Q

T/F: intervertebral joints provide greatest source of adhesion between vertebrae, serve as the approximate axes of rotation, and func as deformable intervertebral spacers

A

T

79
Q

As spacers, intervertebral discs make up __% of total height of vertebral column

A

25%

80
Q

__ relative intervertebral space, __ ability of one vertebral body to rock forward and backward on another

A

Greater
Greater

81
Q

W/out any disc space, what would happen to rotation in the sagittal and frontal plane?

A

Flat bone on bone between 2 consecutive bodies would block rotation in both planes

Resulting in only tipping/translation

82
Q

The space provided by the intervertebral discs allow passage for ___

A

Spinal nerve roots

83
Q

Arthrokinematics of intervert motion describe relative mvt between ___ w/in ___

A

Articular facet surfaces
Apophyseal joints

84
Q

Vertebral column consists of __ pairs of apophyseal joints

A

24

85
Q

Apophyseal joints are slightly curved in which spinal regions?

A

Upper cervical and lumbar

86
Q

Horizontal facet surfaces favor ___, vertical facet surfaces ___

A

Axial rot
Block axial rot

87
Q

23 interbody joints exists in spinal column from ___ and ___

A

C2-3
L5-S1

88
Q

What do inter bodies consist of?

A

Intervertebral discs, vertebral endplates, adjacent vertebral bodies

89
Q

What is lumbar intervertebral disc made of?

A

Nucleus pulposus surrounded by annulus fibrosus

90
Q

Nucleus pulposus function

A

Shock absorption cont dissipate and transfer load across consecutive vertebrae

91
Q

Annulus fibrosus consists of __ concentric layers/rings of collagen fibers

A

15-25

92
Q

Collagen makes up __ in annulus fibrosus, __ in nucleus pulposus

A

50-60%
15-0%

93
Q

Outer annulus fibrosus= ___ collagen, inner layer= __

A

Type 1 and 2
Less type 1 and more H2O

94
Q

T/F: inner layer of annulus fibrosus contain disc’s only sensory nerves

A

F: outer

95
Q

T/F: fully hydrated and pressurized discs protect inter body joints and indirectly apophyseal joints

A

T

96
Q

Lumbar region: collagen = oriented 65 deg from vertical. This significantly resists…

A

Intervertebral distraction (vertical separation)
Shear (sliding)
Torsion (twisting)

97
Q

When we twist/slide, collagen fibers oriented in direction of twist/slide will

A

Become taut
(every other layer= slacken)

98
Q

What is a thin cartilaginous caps of CT that covers most of sup and inf surfaces of vertebral bodies?

A

Vertebral endplates

99
Q

@ birth, vertebral endplates make up 50% of height of each intervertebral space, while as an adult makes up __

A

5%

100
Q

When stand upright, 80% of load= supported by 2 adjoining lumber vertebrae is carried through __, remaining 20%= __

A

Interbody joints
Post elements

101
Q

Intervertebral discs absorb

A

Shock

102
Q

Compressive loads push endplates __ and towards __

A

Inward
Nucleus pulposus

103
Q

T/F: intervertebral discs resist slow/light compression

A

F: fast/strong compression (occurs bc viscoelastic property)

104
Q

In vivo pressure measurements= low @ __in supine but inc sig during activities combine forward bending and vigorous musc cxn

A

Rest

105
Q

T/F: disc pressure= large when hold load in front of body especially when bending forward

A

T

106
Q

Sitting in forward-slouched pos prod greater disc pressure than __

A

Sitting erect

107
Q

The disc swells when sleeping, why?

A

Swells bc low pressure and hydrophilic nature of nucleus pulposus attracts H2O into disc

108
Q

Wt bearing disc results in __ forces across vertebral endplates that push H2O out of disc

A

Compressive

109
Q

What is spinal coupling?

A

Mvt performed w/in any plane throughout vertebral column that’s assoc w/ automatic mvt of another plane

110
Q

Spinal coupling involves what 2 mvts?

A

Rot and translation

111
Q

Craniocervical = 3 joints…

A

Atlanto-occipital
Atlanto-axial
Intracervical apophyseal (C2-7)

112
Q

Atlannto-axial= 2 articular components:

A

Median joint
Pair of laterally positioned apophyseal joints

113
Q

Median joint of atlanto-axial= made up of

A

Dens and osseous lig ring formed by ant arch of atlas and transverse lig

114
Q

Atlanto-axial= what type of joint?

A

Pivot

115
Q

Tectorial membrane and alar lig connect cranium to __

A

Upper cervical spine

116
Q

T/F: tectorial membrane= continuation of ant longitudinal lig (ALL)

A

F: post (PLL)

117
Q

What is the func of alar lig?

A

Resist/check axial rot of head and atlas restive to dens

118
Q

T/F: alar lig= taut in anatomic pos

A

F: loose then become taut during axial rot

clin kines 2 (6 decks)

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