spine Flashcards
1
Q
What makes up the appendicular skeleton?
A
Bones of extremities: clavicle, scapula and pelvis
2
Q
What makes up the axial skeleton?
A
Cranium, vertebral column, ribs and sternum
3
Q
Axial and appendicular skeleton articulate sup? inf?
A
S: sternoclavicular joints
I: sacroiliac joints
4
Q
What 2 bones of the cranium form part of the lateral external surface of the skull surrounding and including the external acoustic meatus?
A
Temporal
5
Q
T/F: temporal bone forms the posterior base of the skull
A
F: occipital
6
Q
Vertebrae divided into 3 components:
A
Ant
Post
Connection between ^
7
Q
T/F: body of vertebrae= ant (primary wt bearing component)
A
T
8
Q
Post vertebrae consists of what structures?
(posterior elements)
A
Transverse and spinous process
Laminae
Articular process
9
Q
___ acts as a bridge connects body and post elements
A
Pedicles
10
Q
__ # ribs
A
12
11
Q
T/F: the head, neck and articular tubercle of a rib is anterior
A
F: posterior
12
Q
What 2 costovertebral joints do the ribs form?
A
Costocorporeal
Costotransverse
13
Q
T/F: costovertebral joints anchor the post end of rib to corresponding vertebra
A
T
14
Q
Costocorporeal joint connects __ and __
A
Head rib
Pair costal demifacets (span 2 adjacent vertebrae) and vertebral disc
15
Q
Costotransverse joint connects __ and __
A
Articular tubercle of rib
Costal facet on the transverse process of a corresponding vertebra
16
Q
Ribs #_____ attach directly/indirectly to sternum
A
1-10
17
Q
T/F:cartilage of ribs 1-10 attach directly to lateral border of the sternum
A
F: 1-7
18
Q
T/F: cartilage of ribs 8-10 attach to sternum by fusing to the cartilage go the immediately superior rib
A
T
19
Q
T/F: ribs 10-12 are floating ribs
A
F: 11-12
20
Q
Sternum is concave & smooth ___ and convex & rough ___
A
Posterior
Anterior
21
Q
__# vertebral segments
A
33
22
Q
What are the 5 regions of the spine?
A
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Coccyx
23
Q
__ C, __ T, __ L, __ S, __ C
A
7
12
5
5
4
24
Q
In anatomical pos, cervical and lumbar regions are convex __ and concave __ –> lordosis
A
Ant
Post
25
T/F: lumbar region exhibits more lordosis than cervical
T
26
T/F: thoracic exhibits kyphosis
F: thoracic and sacrococcygeal
27
Kyphosis = concave ___, convex ___
Ant
Post
28
T/F: curvatures of spine don't change
F: dynamic and do change w/ mvt and adjusting posture
29
Ext column accentuates __, reduces __
Lordosis
Kyphosis
30
Flex column flattens __, accentuates
Cervical and Lumbar
Thoracic
31
T/F: sacrococcygeal curvature = fixed
T
32
T/F: vertebral column of fetus = mostly lordosis throughout development
F: kyphotic w/ development of lordosis @ C&L regions after birth
33
Line of gravity falls on which part of spine?
Concave side of apex of each regions curvature
34
T/F: excessive lumbar lordosis= compensation for excessive thoracic kyphosis
T
35
Swayback posture consists of excessive ...
Thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis
36
Rounded back consists of ...
Excessive thoracic kyphosis and reduced lumbar lordosis
37
What are the functions of spinal ligaments?
Limit motion
Maintain natural curvature
Stabilize spine
Protect spinal cord and nerve roots
38
Ligamentum flavum experiences ___% inc in strain betw anatomic pos and full flexion
35
39
Extreme flexion may rupture what ligament?
Ligamentum flavum
40
T/F: ligamentum flavum= thickest in cervical region, where the magnitude of intervertebral flexion= largest
F: lumbar
41
T/F: ligamentum flavum elasticity exerts a small but constant compressive force betw vertebrae preventing buckling inward during full ext
T
42
Deeper part (more elastin-rich) of interspinous lig blend w/ ___, superficial (more collagen) blend w/
Ligamentum flavum
Supraspinous lig
43
With extreme flex, what lig = ruptured first?
Supraspinous lig
44
T/F: ant and post longitudinal lig= named according to relationship to spinal cord
F: vertebral body
45
T/F: capsular lig apophyseal joints guide specific direction of intervertebral mvt (elastin and collagen)
T
46
Capsular lig= lax in __, but some fibers = taut as joint approaches extremes of all its mvt
Anatomic pos
47
T/F: passive tension= naturally greatest in motions create largest relative mvt betw joint surfaces such as full ext in C region
F: full flexion
48
AoR of intervertebral mvt=
Near/through region of vertebral body
49
Sagittal plane mvt, any lig loc __ to vertebral body = taut during flexion
Post
50
T/F: all lig of spine= taut in flexion
F: all but ant longitudinal
51
What is spinal instability?
Loss of natural intervertebral stiffness that can lead to abnormal and inc intervertebral stiffness
52
What is the neutral zone?
Any of intervertebral mvt occurs w/ least passive resistance from surrounding tissues
53
T/F; natural zone of minimal stiffness inc w/ injury/weakness of surrounding tissues
T
54
Cervical vertebrae contains __ loc w/in transverse process
Transverse foramina
55
T/F: vertebral artery loc post to spinal nerve roots
F: ant
56
T/F: all cervical vertebrae= typical
F: C1,2,7= atypical
57
T/F: C3-6 bodies= wider side-side than front-back
T
58
C3-6 superior surface = __ side-side w/ raised lateral hooks called unite process
Concave
59
C3-6 inferior surface= __ ant-post
Concave
60
Sup articular facets of C3-6 faces ___, inf faces___
Post and sup
Ant and inf
61
What is the func of atlas (C1)?
Support head
62
T/F: C7= largets C vertebrae
T
63
What are other names for C1,2,7?
Atlas
Axis
Vertebra prominens
64
What are the atypical T vertebrae?
T1, 10-12
65
T1= __ costal facet sup (head of rib 1), and demifacet ___ (part of head of 2nd rib)
Full
Inferiorly
66
T10-12 have __ facet w/ respective ribs, but no costotransverse joints
Full costal
67
L region: sup articular facets face ___, inf faces __
Med to post-med (concave)
Lat to ant-lat (convex)
68
Sacrum base faces __, apex= __
Sup
Inf
69
Func of sacrum?
Transmits wt of vertebral column - pelvis
70
Ant surface of sacrum= __, dorsal=__
Concave (smooth)
Convex (rough)
71
What is the sacral promontory?
Ant edge of body of S1
72
Sacroiliac joint= formed from?
Auricular surface of sacrum and ilium
73
What forms the sacrococcygeal joint?
Apex sacrum and base of coccyx
74
3 intervertebral junction has 3 functional components, what are they?
Transverse and spinous processes
Apophyseal joint
Interbody joint
75
T/F: TP and SP guide intervert motion
F: apophyseal joints
(TP and SP inc mechanical leverage of musc and lig)
76
Interbody joints connect ___ and ___
Intervertebral disc and pair of vertebral bodies
77
What is the function of intervertebral bodies?
Absorb and distribute loads across vertebral columns
78
T/F: intervertebral joints provide greatest source of adhesion between vertebrae, serve as the approximate axes of rotation, and func as deformable intervertebral spacers
T
79
As spacers, intervertebral discs make up __% of total height of vertebral column
25%
80
__ relative intervertebral space, __ ability of one vertebral body to rock forward and backward on another
Greater
Greater
81
W/out any disc space, what would happen to rotation in the sagittal and frontal plane?
Flat bone on bone between 2 consecutive bodies would block rotation in both planes
Resulting in only tipping/translation
82
The space provided by the intervertebral discs allow passage for ___
Spinal nerve roots
83
Arthrokinematics of intervert motion describe relative mvt between ___ w/in ___
Articular facet surfaces
Apophyseal joints
84
Vertebral column consists of __ pairs of apophyseal joints
24
85
Apophyseal joints are slightly curved in which spinal regions?
Upper cervical and lumbar
86
Horizontal facet surfaces favor ___, vertical facet surfaces ___
Axial rot
Block axial rot
87
23 interbody joints exists in spinal column from ___ and ___
C2-3
L5-S1
88
What do inter bodies consist of?
Intervertebral discs, vertebral endplates, adjacent vertebral bodies
89
What is lumbar intervertebral disc made of?
Nucleus pulposus surrounded by annulus fibrosus
90
Nucleus pulposus function
Shock absorption cont dissipate and transfer load across consecutive vertebrae
91
Annulus fibrosus consists of __ concentric layers/rings of collagen fibers
15-25
92
Collagen makes up __ in annulus fibrosus, __ in nucleus pulposus
50-60%
15-0%
93
Outer annulus fibrosus= ___ collagen, inner layer= __
Type 1 and 2
Less type 1 and more H2O
94
T/F: inner layer of annulus fibrosus contain disc's only sensory nerves
F: outer
95
T/F: fully hydrated and pressurized discs protect inter body joints and indirectly apophyseal joints
T
96
Lumbar region: collagen = oriented 65 deg from vertical. This significantly resists...
Intervertebral distraction (vertical separation)
Shear (sliding)
Torsion (twisting)
97
When we twist/slide, collagen fibers oriented in direction of twist/slide will
Become taut
(every other layer= slacken)
98
What is a thin cartilaginous caps of CT that covers most of sup and inf surfaces of vertebral bodies?
Vertebral endplates
99
@ birth, vertebral endplates make up 50% of height of each intervertebral space, while as an adult makes up __
5%
100
When stand upright, 80% of load= supported by 2 adjoining lumber vertebrae is carried through __, remaining 20%= __
Interbody joints
Post elements
101
Intervertebral discs absorb
Shock
102
Compressive loads push endplates __ and towards __
Inward
Nucleus pulposus
103
T/F: intervertebral discs resist slow/light compression
F: fast/strong compression (occurs bc viscoelastic property)
104
In vivo pressure measurements= low @ __in supine but inc sig during activities combine forward bending and vigorous musc cxn
Rest
105
T/F: disc pressure= large when hold load in front of body especially when bending forward
T
106
Sitting in forward-slouched pos prod greater disc pressure than __
Sitting erect
107
The disc swells when sleeping, why?
Swells bc low pressure and hydrophilic nature of nucleus pulposus attracts H2O into disc
108
Wt bearing disc results in __ forces across vertebral endplates that push H2O out of disc
Compressive
109
What is spinal coupling?
Mvt performed w/in any plane throughout vertebral column that's assoc w/ automatic mvt of another plane
110
Spinal coupling involves what 2 mvts?
Rot and translation
111
Craniocervical = 3 joints...
Atlanto-occipital
Atlanto-axial
Intracervical apophyseal (C2-7)
112
Atlannto-axial= 2 articular components:
Median joint
Pair of laterally positioned apophyseal joints
113
Median joint of atlanto-axial= made up of
Dens and osseous lig ring formed by ant arch of atlas and transverse lig
114
Atlanto-axial= what type of joint?
Pivot
115
Tectorial membrane and alar lig connect cranium to __
Upper cervical spine
116
T/F: tectorial membrane= continuation of ant longitudinal lig (ALL)
F: post (PLL)
117
What is the func of alar lig?
Resist/check axial rot of head and atlas restive to dens
118
T/F: alar lig= taut in anatomic pos
F: loose then become taut during axial rot
