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clin kines 2 > elbow/forearm > Flashcards

elbow/forearm Flashcards

1
Q

What are the articulations w/in the elbow and forearm?

A

Humero-ulnar joint
Humeroradial joint
Proximal radio-ulnar joint
Distal radio-ulnar joint

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2
Q

T/F: olecranon process is on the radius

A

F: ulna

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3
Q

Fovea of radial head =___, edge of head =___

A

Concave
Convex

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4
Q

Prox RU joint vs distal RU joint radius and ulna convex vs concave

A

Prox: convex radial head, concave ulna
Distal: convex ulnar head, concave radius

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5
Q

What restricts radial deviation?

A

Radial styloid process

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6
Q

What carpal bone is the most injured?

A

Scaphoid

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7
Q

The humero-ulnar joint is made up of what 2 structures?

A

Trochlear notch (proximal ulna)
Trochlea (humerus)

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8
Q

The humeroradial joint is made up what 2 structures?

A

Fovea (proximal radius)
Capitulum (humerus)

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9
Q

T/F: the humeroradial is less congruent compared to humero-ulnar joint

A

T

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10
Q

What type of joint is the elbow?

A

Modified hinge (ulna experiences slight ant axial rotation and side-side motion as flex/ext)

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11
Q

Elbow flex and extend near ___ axis of rotation

A

Medial-lateral

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12
Q

Varus is Latin for

A

Turned inward (ADD)

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13
Q

Valgus is Latin for

A

Turned outward (ABD)

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14
Q

T/F: the natural frontal plane angle made by the extended elbow is referred to as normal cubital varus

A

F: normal cubital valgus

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15
Q

T/F: carrying angle is another term for normal cubital valgus

A

T

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16
Q

Normal cubitus valgus of the elbow is at an angle of ___ from the longitudinal axis of the humerus

A

15 degrees

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17
Q

Excessive cubitus valgus is when the forearm is deviated laterally ___

A

30 degrees

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18
Q

Cubitus varus is when the forearm is deviated medially ___

A

5 degrees

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19
Q

T/F: women have greater valgus angulation compared to men by about 2 degrees

A

T

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20
Q

T/F: regardless of gender, valgus angle is larger on the non dominant arm

A

F: dominant arm

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21
Q

With a valgus force, which side is compressed? Tensed?

A

Compress= lateral
Tension (stretch)= med

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22
Q

Medial collateral ligament of elbow consists of

A

Ant, post and transverse fiber bundles

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23
Q

T/F: the posterior fiber bundles of the MCL are the strongest and stiffest

A

F: ant fiber bundles

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24
Q

T/F: ant and post fiber bundles of MCL provide significant resistance against a valgus (ABD) producing force

A

T

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25
Q

Ant fiber bundles of MCL provide articular stability throughout which plane?

A

Sagittal plane

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26
Q

T/F: ant fiber bundles of MCL are fan shaped

A

F: post fiber bundles

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27
Q

Ant fiber bundles are taut throughout _____, while post fibers are taut in ____

A

Full range flexion and extension
Extremes of elbow flexion

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28
Q

T/F: flexor carpi ulnaris is the dynamic medial stabilizer of the elbow

A

T

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29
Q

Dynamic stabilizers =

A

Flexors and pronators

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30
Q

T/F: MCL is susceptible to injury when the extended elbow is violently forced into extreme varus (fall outstretched and supinated UE)

A

F: valgus

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31
Q

T/F: MCL is susceptible to injury from non-weight bearing, repetitive, valgus producing strains placed on the elbow

A

T

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32
Q

What are the 2 fiber bundle branches of the lateral collateral ligament of the humerus?

A

Radial collateral lig
Lateral (ulnar) collateral lig

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33
Q

T/F: LCL also provides resistance against valgus forces

A

F: varus

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34
Q

LUCL is taut at full ___

A

Flexion

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35
Q

What 2 lig provide primary soft tissue resistance against varus and valgus mvt throughout full flex and ext?

A

LUCL (varus)
Ant fibers of MCL (valgus)

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36
Q

T/F: LUCL prevents excessive ER of proximal forearm relative to the humerus

A

T

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37
Q

LUCL provides stability at the elbow in which 2 planes?

A

Frontal and transverse planes

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38
Q

What is the position of comfort for individuals w/ inflammation and swelling

A

Intracapsular pressure is lowest at 80 degrees flexion

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39
Q

Close vs loose pack pos for humeroulnar

A

Close: full ext, supination
Loose: 70 deg flex, 10 deg sup

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40
Q

Close vs loose pack pos for humeroradial

A

Close: 90 deg flex, 10 deg sup
Loose: full ext, sup

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41
Q

Close vs loose pack pos for proximal, distal radioulnar

A

Close: full pronation, supination
PROX loose: 70 deg flex, 35 deg sup
DISTAL loose: 10 deg sup

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42
Q

Normal ROM = __ deg extension to __ deg flexion

A

5-145

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43
Q

If elbow flexor contracture, how many deg can you move?

A

Less than 30 deg

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44
Q

How many degrees is the functional arch (able to do most ADLs) of flexion?

A

30-130 deg

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45
Q

What is needed for full flexion and extension

A

Extensibility and space

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46
Q

When __ = scarred, damages extension, ___= scarred, damages flexion

A

Olecranon process
Coronoid process

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47
Q

Injury at C5 spinal cord injury may result in

A

Being unable to pull, lift, feed and groom bc elbow flexors are paralyzed

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48
Q

T/F: in the hummer-ulnar joint, the trochlear notch is concave, while the trochlea is convex

A

T

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49
Q

What is the roll and glide for flexion of humeroulnar joint?

A

Roll and glide ant (ulna on humerus)

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50
Q

@ humeroulnar joint, what is stretched in extension? Flexion?

A

EXT: ant structures (post slacken)
FLEX: post structures (ant slacken)

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51
Q

T/F: humeroradial joint rolls and glides ant when ext

A

F: flex (radius on humerus)
(ext= post)

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52
Q

T/F:ulnar n = stretched when flexed

A

T

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53
Q

How is the central band oriented?

A

Distally and medially from radius to ulna

54
Q

What is the primary role of central band of interosseous membrane?

A

Firmly bind radius to ulna

Attachment point for extrinsic muscles of hand

Transmit force proximally through upper limb

55
Q

T/F: interosseous membrane helps w/ distraction forces

A

F: helps redistribute compressive forces fr radius –> ulna –> humerus

56
Q

T/F: distractive forces shortens the IM and goes through musc

A

T

57
Q

Proximal and distal radio-ulnar joints allows forearm to perform which mvts?

A

Pronation and supination

58
Q

The axis of rotation of prox and distal radio-ulnar joints= ___ part of the joint

A

Convex

59
Q

T/F: pronation supination allows independent rotation of the hand w/out obligatory rotation of radius and humerus

A

F: ulna and humerus

60
Q

T/F: during pronation, distal ulna rotates on fixed radius

A

F: distal radius rotates on fixed ulna

61
Q

Pronation= assoc w/ shoulder ___, supination= shoulder ___

A

IR
ER

62
Q

Annular lig is a circular band of CT that attaches to __, holding proximal radius to ulna

A

Ulna on either side of the radial notch

63
Q

Distal radio-ulnar joint is made up of ___ head of ulna and ___ ulnar notch on radius

A

Convex
Concave

64
Q

T/F: radius and ulna are parallel when forearm = in pronation

A

F: supination

65
Q

T/F: humeroulnar, humeroradial and proximal radioulnar joint share 1 articular capsule

A

T

66
Q

T/F: annular lig= primary stabilizer of proximal radio-ulnar, TFCC= distal

A

T

67
Q

Stabilizers of distal radio-ulnar joint

A

Triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC)

Pronator quadratus

Tendon of extensor carpi Ulnaris

Distal oblique fibers of interosseous membrane

68
Q

T/F: pronator quadratus= primary stabilizer of distal radio-ulnar joint

A

F: TFCC (Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex)

69
Q

T/F: loss in integrity of TFCC = clinical sign of advanced rheumatoid arthritis

A

T

70
Q

Neutral pos/0 reference pos of forearm rotation is

A

Thumbs up (betw sup and pron)

71
Q

Normal ROM = ___ degrees of pronation, and ___ degrees of supination

A

75
85

72
Q

What is the functional arc for pronation and supination?

A

50 deg both

73
Q

T/F: without the last 30 degrees of complete forearm rotation, one cannot perform ADLs

A

F: can still perform ADLs

74
Q

Pron and sup can be compensated @ shoulder via ___ and ___ respectively

A

IR
ER

75
Q

The elbow and forearm are innervated by

A

Musculocutaneous
Radial
Median
Ulnar

76
Q

Musculocutaneous spinal nerve roots

A

C5-7

77
Q

Musculocutaneous innervates what musc?

A

Biceps brachii
Coracobrachialis
Brachialis

78
Q

Radial n spinal nerve roots

A

C5-T1

79
Q

Radial n innervates

A

Triceps
Anconeus
Brachioradialis

80
Q

T/F: radial n= main innervator of elbow

A

F: elbow and forearm

81
Q

Median n spinal nerve roots

A

C6-T1

82
Q

Median n innervates

A

Wrist flexors and pronators:

Pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, flexor digitorum superficialis

83
Q

Ulnar n spinal nerve roots

A

C8-T1

84
Q

Ulnar n innervates

A

Flexor carpi ulnaris

Med half of flexor digitorum profundus

Intrinsic musc of hand

85
Q

Elbow flexors are innervated by which nerves?

A

Musculocutaneous (biceps)
Radial (brachioradialis)
Median (pronator teres)

86
Q

T/F: when lose 1/3 nerves innervate elbow flexors, you can still flex arm

A

T

87
Q

Elbow flexors= innervated by 3 nerves, elbow extensors= ___

A

1: radial n

88
Q

Pronators of forearm= innervated by

A

Median n

89
Q

Supinator of forearms= innervated by

A

Musculocutaneous n
Radial n

90
Q

HU and HR joints innervated by ___, Prox RU? Distal RU?

A

C6-C8
C6-7
C8

91
Q

T/F: musc that attach distally on radius can flex/extend but unable to pronate/supinate

A

F: attach on ulna

(radius can do all 4)

92
Q

Biceps brachii has greatest force during ___

A

Flexion and supination

93
Q

T/F: biceps brachii = largest cross sectional area resulting in greatest force generated by any musc that innervates elbow

A

F: brachialis

94
Q

Brachioradialis = ___ of all elbow musc

A

Longest

95
Q

When brachioradialis shortens, it causes full elbow _____ and ___ of forearm to near neutral position

A

Flexion
Rotation

96
Q

T/F: at elbow, flexor torque > extensor torques (opposite of knee)

A

T

97
Q

Elbow flexor torque= greatest when forearm = ___. Why?

A

Supinated
Bc inc biceps flexor MA

98
Q

Elbow flexors best torque, force and MA

A

90 deg torque
80 deg force
100 deg Internal MA

99
Q

Elbow flexion and __ shoulder results in greater elbow flexion torque (biceps)

A

Extended

100
Q

Ext shoulder and flex elbow, cxn velocity =___ and ___ force

A

Slows
Generates more

101
Q

T/F: ant deltoid= synergist to biceps as ext shoulder and flex elbow

A

F: post delt

102
Q

T/F: primary elbow extensors= triceps brachii

A

F: triceps and anconeus

103
Q

T/F: long head of triceps can ADD shoulder

A

T

104
Q

Anconeus= sm (little ext torque) but provides ___

A

Stability

105
Q

T/F: elbow extension is typically paired w/ shoulder extension

A

F: shoulder flexion

106
Q

Ant deltoid = imp synergist to triceps for ___, post deltoid = imp synergist to biceps for___

A

Push forward (shoulder flexion)
Shoulder extension

107
Q

Triceps __ elbow or __ flexion

A

Extends
Prevents

108
Q

Order of recruitment for elbow extensors (low lv -> high effort)

A

Anconceus
Medial triceps
Lateral triceps
Long triceps

109
Q

Elbow extensors peak torque, greatest MA

A

90 deg
Full ext

110
Q

What are the 2 classifications for musc to be pronators/supinators?

A
  1. attach prox: ulna/humerus and dis: radial/hand
  2. produce force acts w/ an internal MA about AoR for pron and sup

(MA= greatest when perpendicular to AoR)

111
Q

Shoulder IR and ER + elbow pron and sup respectively, allows hand to rotate ___ deg in space compared to 170-180 deg pron and sup alone

A

360

112
Q

What are the primary supinators?

A

Biceps brachii
Supinator

113
Q

What are the secondary supinators?

A

Radial wrist extensors
Extensor pollicis longus
Extensor indicis
Brachioradialis (pronated pos)

114
Q

What is between the 2 heads of supinator?

A

Radial n

115
Q

Where do you notice weakness w/ radial n damage?

A

Finger and thumb extensors

116
Q

T/F: excessive pronation @ supinator -> radial compression

A

F: supination

117
Q

T/F: brachioradialis = secondary supinator and pronator

A

T
(pronated pos-> sup) (vv)

118
Q

NS usually recruits what musc for low power tasks that only require supination?

A

Supinator

119
Q

T/F: supinator shows sig EMG activity during mod/high power supination

A

F: biceps

120
Q

As supinated forearm rotates towards pronation, ___ tendon wraps around prox radius and “unwinds” radius back - sup

A

Biceps

121
Q

Biceps effectiveness as a supinator = greatest when elbow flexed @___

A

90 deg

122
Q

When turning a screw, the triceps prevent the biceps from ___ the elbow and shoulder during every supination effort

A

Flexing

123
Q

T/F: when turning a screw, triceps neutralizes biceps elbow flexion w/o interfering w/ supination task bc triceps= attached to ulna

A

T

124
Q

Primary pronator musc

A

Pronator teres
Pronator quadratus

125
Q

Secondary pronator musc

A

Flexor carpi radialis
Palmaris longus
Brachioradialis (supinated pos)

126
Q

Median n passes through what 2 heads of musc?

A

Pronator teres (humeral and ulnar heads)

127
Q

Median n injury ->

A

Pronator musc paralyzed

128
Q

T/F: pronator teres= most involved pronator that’s involved during all pronation mvt regardless of power demands

A

F: pronator quadratus

(teres= greatest EMG activity @ high power pron)

129
Q

Pronator quadratus stabilizes the distal radio-ulnar joint by ___

A

Compressing ulnar notch (radius) against ulnar head

130
Q

T/F: pronator teres = activates during high power activities

A

T

131
Q

___ (group) = stronger than ___ of elbow

A

Flexors and extensors

132
Q

T/F: pronators as group= stronger than supinators

A

F: supinators>pronators

clin kines 2 (6 decks)

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