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Anatomy > spinal osteology-1 > Flashcards

spinal osteology-1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 cardinal planes?

A
  • transverse
  • saggital
  • frontal
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2
Q

What are the 3 sections of the limbs?

A
  • longitudinal section
  • transverse aka cross section
  • oblique section
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3
Q

What is part of the axial skeleton?

A
  • bones in skull
  • hyoid bone
  • vertebra inc. sacrum and coccyx
  • thoracic rib cage, sternum, ribs
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4
Q

How many bones in body?

A

206

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5
Q

What are the primary curvatures?

A

thoracic and sacral
* kyphosis
* concave

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6
Q

What are the secondary curvatures

A
  • cervical
  • lumbar
  • convex
  • lordosis
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7
Q

What is scoliosis?

A
  • side to side spinal curvature
  • named by direction and convexity of curve in the mediolateral direction and the spinal region of the apex of the curve
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8
Q

What are the 3 types of scoliosis?

A
  • idiopathic adolescent
  • neuromuscular: spina bifida, cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy
  • congential
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9
Q

How many vertebrae?

A

33
7-cervical
12- thoracic
5- lumbar
5 -sacrum fuse
4- coccyx fuse

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10
Q

Where are the vertebral formina the largest?

A

cervical and lumbar regions because this is where appendages are attached

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11
Q

What to look for in cervical vertebrae?

A
  • body: small and U shaped
  • vertebral foramen: oval shaped
  • bifid spinous process
  • transverse foramina
  • vertebra prominens C7
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12
Q

What is a vertebral arch?

A

all vertebra except the vertebral body
* this can cause problems

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13
Q

What is C1?

A
  • Atlas
  • most cranial
  • nodding head yes
  • wide ring shaped
  • no vertebral body or spinous process
  • anterior arch
  • large superior articular surfaces that articulate with skull
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14
Q

What is the atlano occiptal (OA) joint?

A
  • makes joint with CI
  • synovial ellipsoid joint between superior articular facet of atlas and occiptal condyles at base of skull
  • joints permit movement of occiptal condyles on articular process
  • yes movement
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15
Q

Function of cruciate ligament?

A
  • prevent abnormal movements of OA joint
  • longitudinal bands prevent hyperflexion and hypeprextension of occiptal bone
  • YEs
  • hold transverse ligament in place
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16
Q

What movement does Alma ligament limit?

A
  • limit excessive movement in thoracic and lumbar
  • restrict excessive flexion and extension
  • limit axial rotation
  • lateral bending on contralateral side
  • flexion
17
Q

What is C2?

A
  • axial
  • no
  • odontoid process aka dens
  • body of C1 fused with C2 body
  • large superior articular process for articulation with atlas
  • large bifid spinous process
18
Q

What is atlantoaxial joint (AA)?

A
  • no
  • complex synovial joint between superior articular of axis and inferior art. facet of atlas and btween dens of axis and anterior arch of atlas
  • permits roation of atlas on dens of axis so “no”
19
Q

What is function of coastal facets?

A

The superior costal facet joins the rib to the top of a vertebra. The transverse costal facet joins the rib to the transverse process of a vertebra, and the inferior costal facet joins the rib to the lower part of the vertebra. The joints formed are known as the costovertebral joints.

20
Q

Thoracic features?

A
  • spinous process points more down ; long and inferior
  • giraffe
  • body: med size, heart
  • vertebral foramen: small, round
  • coastal (rib) facets: on bodt and trasverse foramen
  • superior articular facet faces posteriorly
21
Q

Lumbar features?

A
  • moose
  • body: large; kidney bean
  • vertebral foramen: triangular
  • spinous process: short and horizontal
  • transverse process: short and blunt
  • superior articular process: face medially
  • inferior articular process: point laterally
22
Q

What is the nucleus pulposus?

A

The nucleus pulposus is the soft, gelatinous central portion of the intervertebral disk that moves within the disk with changes in posture.
* elastic
* inner
* jelly
* absorbs shock and forces

23
Q

What is the anulus fibrosus?

A

Unlike the nucleus pulposus, on which mainly compressive forces act, the fibers of the annulus fibrosus resist the tensile and the compressive stresses to which the intervertebral disc is subjected.
* strength and stability
* protect from nucleus pulposus from spilling
* hard

24
Q

What is a herniated intervertebral disc?

A

A condition that affects the rubbery disks between the bones that stack to make the spine.
Spinal disk herniation, also known as a slipped or herniated disk, occurs when the soft center of a spinal disk pushes through a crack in the tougher exterior casing.
A herniated disk can irritate nearby nerves and result in pain, numbness, or weakness in an arm or a leg. Most herniated disks occur in the lower back.

  • can have spine pain or extremity pain
  • produce muscle weakness or sensory changes
25
Q

What are the types of spinal stenosis?

A
  • central and lateral canal
26
Q

What is spinal stenosis?

A

The spaces inside the bones of the spine get too small.
Spinal stenosis can put pressure on the spinal cord and the nerves that travel through the spine. It mostly affects the neck or lower back. The most common cause is wear-and-tear changes in the spine from arthritis.

27
Q

What is a fracture?

A

Pars interarticularis

28
Q

What is spondylosis?

A
  • broken bone or vertebrae fracture
  • degeneration/wear and tear
  • can be anywhere on spine
  • no separation
  • a condition in which there is abnormal wear on the cartilage and bones of the neck (cervical vertebrae). It is a common cause of chronic neck pain.
29
Q

What is spondylolysis?

A
  • Spondylolysis is a defect or stress fracture in the pars interarticularis of the vertebral arch.
  • a fracture without separation
30
Q

What is spondylolisthesis?

A
  • a progressive fracture with separation
  • 2 parts of same bone
31
Q

What is the coccyx?

A
  • remnant of skeletpon of embryonic tail like caudal eminence which is present in human embryos from the end of 4th week until beg of 8th week
  • injury from fall onto buttocks-pelvic floor connection
32
Q

What are zygapophysial joints?

A
  • synovial joint
  • aka apophysial joint or facet joint
  • has different orientation for each region of spine
  • cervical: slanted upward
  • thoracic: face forward
  • lumbar: face each other

Anatomy (5 decks)

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