Spinal Exam 2 study guide Quiz Questions Flashcards
What muscle attaches to the anterior arch of C1?
the longus colli muscle
What is the morphology of the superior articular facet of C1?
they are elliptical, closer together in front and often demonstrate an elevation subdividng the facet surface into two separate surfaces
What is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of C1?
backward, medial, downward (BMD)
What is the joint classification of the atlanto-axial zygopophysis?
diarthrosis arthrodia
What is the name of the rounded elevation on the medial aspect of the lateral mass of C1?
tubercle for the transverse atlanta ligament
What muscles attach to the lateral mass of C1?
levator scapula, splenius cervicis, and rectus capitis anterior
What is the distance from the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch to the skin in each gender?
males: about fifty millimeters; females: about thirty-seven millimeters
What attaches to the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch of C1?
rectus capitis posterior minor muscle and ligamentum nuchae
What superior surface modifications of the posterior arch of C1 are present?
groove/sulcus for the vertebral artery and arcuate rim
What attaches to the arcuate rim of C1?
the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament
With regard to ossification of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament, what is the gender bias, bone classification, amount of ossification, and general percent in the population?
male, accessory bone, complete ponticulus posticus, fifteen percent; female, accessory bone, partial ponticulus posticus, twenty-six percent
What is observed on the undersurface of the posterior arch of C1?
“inferior vertebral notch” and an attachment site for the posterior atlanto-axial ligament
What is the location of the “zygapophysis” relative to the atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial intervertebral foramina?
it forms part of the anterior boundary of the intervertebral foramen in both cases
What muscles attach to the transverse process of C1?
rectus capitis anterior, rectus capitis lateralis, middle scalene, levator scapula, splenius cervicis, obliquus capitis superior, obliquus capitis inferior, and intertransversarii muscles
What is observed in the transverse foramen of C1?
vertebral artery, vertebral venous plexus, postganglionic sympathetic motor nerve fibers
What is the gender variation for measurements of the transverse diameter of C1?
males: 78 millimeters and females: 72 millimeters
What is the distance from the posterior tubercle of the transverse process of C1 to the skin for each gender?
a little over 30 millimeters for both males and females
What joint classifications are observed at C1?
amphiarthrosis syndesmosis, diarthrosis ellipsoidal, diarthrosis trochoid, diarthrosis arthrodia
What synovial joint surfaces are observed at C1?
two superior articular faces, two inferior articular faces, and the fovea dentis
What names are given to C2?
axis or epistropheus
What is the name given to the odontoid process when the facet for the fovea dentis lies above the groove for the transverse atlantal ligament and the attachment sites for the apical-dental and alar ligaments appear to be directed posterior?
lordotic dens
What is the name given to the odontoid process when the facet for the fovea dentis lies below the groove for the transverse atlantal ligament and the attachment sites for the apical-dental and alar ligaments appear to be directed anterior?
kyphotic dens
What joint classifications are present at the vertebral body of C2?
amphiarthrosis syndesmosis, diarthrosis trochoid, modified diarthrosis sellar, and amphiarthrosis symphysis
What ligaments attach posteriorly to the inferior epiphyseal rim of C2?
membrana tectoria and the posterior longitudinal ligament
What ligament forms the anterior boundary for the spinal canal above C2?
membrana tectoria
What ligament forms the anterior boundary for the spinal canal below C2?
posterior longitudinal ligament
What attaches to the lamina of C2?
obliquus capitis inferior muscle, posterior atlanto-axial ligament, ligamentum flavum
What muscle attaches to the lamina of C2?
obliquus capitis inferior
What is the facet orientation of the superior articular facet of C2?
backward, upward, and lateral
What is the orientation of the inferior articular facets of C2?
forward, lateral, and down
What muscle attaches to teh articular processes of C2?
longissimus cervisis
What is the gender variation for the transverse diameter of C2?
males: fifty-seven millimeters and females: about fifty millimeters
What muscles attach to the transverse process at C2?
levator scapulae, middle scalene, splenius cervicis, longissimus cervicis, and intertransversarii
Anterior and posterior intertransversarii are first observed at what vertebral couple?
C2/C3
What muscles attach to the spinous process of C2?
rectus capitis posterior major, obliquus capitis inferior, spinalis cervicis, semispinalis cervicis, multifidis, rotators, interspinalis mucles
What ligaments attach to teh spinous process of C2?
ligamentum nuchae, interspinous ligaments
What name is given only to C7?
vertebra prominens
What is the segment and gender bias for the vertebrae other than C7 becoming the vertebral prominence?
C6 is more common in female and T1 is more common in males
How many joint surfaces are present at the vertebral body of C7?
eight
What muscle(s) attach to the vertebral body of C7?
longus colli muscle
What features are typically present in the transverse foramen of C7?
vertebral venous plexus, postganglionic sympathetic motor fibers, NOT VERTEBRAL ARTERY
What muscles attach to the transverse process of C7?
middle scalene, ilicostalis thoracis, longissimus cervicis, semispinalis capitis, rotators, intertransversarii, and levator costarum brevis
What is the orientation of the superior articular facet of C7?
back, upward, medial (BUM)
What is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of C7?
forward, medial, downward (ForMeD)
What muscles will attach to the articular process of C7?
longissimus cervicis, longissimus capitis, semispinalis cervicis, and multifidis
What are the features of the spinous process of C7?
long , horizontal, nonbifid
What muscles attach to the spinous process of C7?
trapezius, rhomboid minor, serratus posterior superior, splenius capitis, spinalis capitis, spinalis cervicis, semispinalis thoracis, multifids, rotators, and interspinalis
The vertebral artery on which side is typically larger?
left vertebral artery
What is the gender bias regarding size of the vertebral artery?
men have larger vertebral arteries than women
What is the name of the physical exam used to determine vertebral artery latency?
the vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency test
Which side artery is tested during the course of the bertebrobasilar artery insufficiency exam?
the ipsilateral artery on the side of rotation
At what location will the vertebral artery form its first compensatory loop?
the atlanto-axial interspace
At what location will the vertebral artery form its second compensatory loop?
the atlanto-occipital interspace
At what segments will the vertebral artery be firmly attached to the transverse foramen?
both C1 and C2
What is the purpose of the vertebral artery loops between C2, C1, and occiput?
the increased length will accommodate the greater rotation at these locations
What hapens to the vertebral artery as it enters the vertebral foramen of C1?
the adventitia of the artery blends with the dura mater and the arachnoid mater; as a result the artery lies in the subarachnoid space
What happens to the vertebral artery after it enters the subarachnoid space at C1?
the vertebral artery ascends along the medulla oblongata to the pointine-medullary junction where the right and left arteries unite to form the basilar artery
What artery is formed by the union of the right and left vertebral arteries?
the basilar artery
What forms the boundaries for the exit of the C2 nerve to form the spinal cord?
inferior articular process of C1, superior articular process of C2, capsular ligament, inferior vertebral notch of C1, superior vertebral notch o C2, posterior arch of C1, lamina of C2, posterior atlanto-axial ligament
What forms the anterior boundary for the C3.C7 nerve exit from the spinal canal?
the vertebral bodies, the intervertebral disc, posterior longitudinal ligament, uncinate process, lateral groove
What features will allow discrimination between T2-T4 and T5-T8 segmental groups?
the vertebral body, transverse process, articular process, and spinous process
What is the aortic impression?
the flattening of the superior and inferior epiphyseal rims on the left side of the vertebral body of T5-T8 which ggive the vertebral body a less scalloped or less indented appearance on that side
What is the principal cause of the posterior curve of the thoracic spine?
the vertebral body heigh differences
What joint classificiations are identified at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?
amphiarthrosis syndesmosis, amphiarthrosis symphysis, and diarthrosis arthrodia
How many synovial joints are formed at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?
four
How many joints are formed at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?
typically ten; fourteen if the rib ligaments are included
What is the name given to the joint formed between the vertebral body and rib?
costocentral joint
What ligaments support the costocentral joint?
the radiate costocentral or stellate costocentral ligament and the interarticular or intra-articular ligament
What does the intra-articular or interarticular ligament connect to?
the interarticular or intra-articular crest of the capitulum of the rib and the intervertebral disc
Which X-ray view is used to see into the intervertebral foramen of a typical thoracic?
the lateral view
What ligaments support the costotransverse joint of a typical thoracic?
the superior costotransverse, inferior costotransverse, and lateral costotransverse ligaments
The superior costotransverse ligament of the transverse process of T4 will attach to which rib?
the fifth rib
The lateral costotransverse ligament of rib five will attach to which segmental bony feature?
the transverse process of T5
Which muscles may attach to the transverse process of a typical thoracic?
the longissimus thoracis, longissimus cervicis, longissimus capitis, semispinalis thoracis, semispinalis cervicis, semispinalis capitis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis, intertransversarii, levator costarum longus and levator costarum brevis
How can you distinguish between a T2-T4 from a T5-T8 segment using the articular process
At T2-T4, the width between the superior articular processes is greater than the width between the inferior articular processes of that vertebra
At T5-T8, the width between the superior articular processes is equal to or the same as the width between the inferior articular processes of that vertebra
What is the orientation of the inferior articular face of a typical thoracic?
they face forward, downward, and medial (ForMeD)
Imbrication will be more pronounced for what region of the thoracics?
T5-T8
What is the angulation of the spinous process in the typical thoracic region?
the unersurface of T2-T4 spinous processes will angle up to forty degress from the horizontal plane
the undersurface of T5-T8 spinous processes will angle up to sixty degrees from the horizontal plane
Which muscles may attach to the spinous process of a typical thoracic?
the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, rhomboid major, serratus posterior superior, splenius cervicis, splenius capitis, spinalis thoracis, spinalis cervicis, spinalis capitis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis, and interspinalis
What muscles are associated with the five muscle layers of the true back?
layer one consists of the trapezius and latissimus dorsi
layer two consists of the rhomboids and levator scapulae
layer three consists of the serratus posterior
layer four consists of the erector spine
layer five consists of the transversospinalis
How many joints are formed at the vertebral body of T1?
typically ten; fourteen if the rib ligaments are included
What ligament is absent at the costotransverse joint of T1?
the superior costotransverse ligament
What ligaments attach to the transverse process of T1
intertransverse, capsular costotransverse, superior costotransverse, inferior costotransverse, and lateral costotransverse
Para-articular processes are more commonly observed on which segment?
T10
A dimpling or depression of the skin in the thoracic region is often characteristic of the location of which segment?
T10
What name is given to T11?
the anticlinal vertebra
Which muscles is attached to the vertebral body of T12?
psoas major and psoas minor
What ligaments form the costotransverse joint of the twelfth rib?
the superior costtotransverse ligament from T11 and the lumbocostal ligament from L1
What is the orientation of the inferior articular facets of T12?
they face forward, downward, and lateral
