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NLM2 Clinical Conditions > Spinal Cord Injuries > Flashcards

Spinal Cord Injuries Flashcards

0
Q

Site that spinal nerves are most vulnerable

A

When emerging from intervertebral foramina

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1
Q

Most serious site of vertebral fracture and reason for this

A

C3-C5

Due to phrenic nerve roots which are needed for respiration

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2
Q

Definition of sciatica

A

Lumbar disc herniation causing referred pain down L5 and S1 dermatomes

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3
Q

Diseases that involve posterior nerve roots

A

Herpes zoster

Tabes dorsalis

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4
Q

Risk to spinal nerves in spinal canal

A
  • Compression from tumours of column

* Irritation from abnormal CSF constituents eg. Blood

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5
Q

Risk to spinal nerves in intervertebral foramina

A
  • Herniated intervertebral disc
  • Vertebral tumour
  • Fracture dislocation
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6
Q

Result of posterior root lesion

A

Pain in skin and muscles

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7
Q

Result of anterior root lesion

A

Full paralysis in supplied muscle causing atrophy and fasciculation

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8
Q

Result of injury to spinothalamic tract

A

Contralateral pain, temperature, crude touch and pressure loss

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9
Q

Result of injury to d.c.m.l pathway

A

Ipsilateral conscious proprioception, tactile discrimination, vibration loss

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10
Q

Result of injury to monosynaptic reflex arc

A

Loss of muscle tone

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11
Q

Result of lesion to corticospinal tract

A
  • Babinski sign
  • Absent superficial abdominal reflexes
  • Loss of fine-skilled voluntary motor movements
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12
Q

Result of lesion to extrapyramidal tracts

A
  • Severe paralysis with little atrophy
  • Spasticity and hypertonicity
  • Exaggerated deep reflexes and clonus
  • Clasp knife reaction
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13
Q

Result of lower motor neuron lesions

A
  • Flaccid paralysis
  • Atrophy
  • Reflex loss
  • Fasciculation
  • Muscular contraction
  • Degeneration reaction
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14
Q

Definition of hemiplegia

A

Paralysis of one side of the body

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15
Q

Definition of monoplegia

A

Paralysis of one limb

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16
Q

Definition of diplegia

A

Paralysis of corresponding limbs

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17
Q

Definition of paraplegia

A

Paralysis of lower two limbs

18
Q

Definition of quadriplegia

A

Paralysis of all four limbs

19
Q

Definition of hypotonia

A

Decreased or absent muscle tone

20
Q

Cause of hypotonia

A
  • Interruption to monosynaptic reflex

* Cerebellar conditions

21
Q

Definition of hypertonia

A

Increased muscle tone seen in spasticity or rigidity

22
Q

Cause of hypertonia

A

Lesions involving supraspinal centres/tracts not involving corticospinal tract

23
Q

Definition of tremor

A

Rhythmic involuntary movements due to contraction of opposing muscle groups

24
Q

Types of tremor and their causes

A
  • Resting tremor: basal ganglia disorder

* Intention tremor: Cerebellar disorder

25
Q

Definition of chorea and its cause

A
  • Continuous rapid, involuntary, jerky, purposeless movement

* Caused by corpus striatum lesions

26
Q

Definition of myoclonus and its cause

A
  • Sudden contraction of isolated muscle/muscle part

* Reticular formation and/or Cerebellar dysfunction

27
Q

Causes of chronic cord compression

A
  • Disc herniation
  • TB infection of vertebrae
  • Primary/secondary tumours
  • Abscesses
28
Q

Clinical signs of chronic cord compression

A
  • Pain
  • Interference to motor function
  • Sensory loss
29
Q

What is spinal cord syndrome?

A
  • acute Response to severe spinal cord damage
  • All cord functions below lesion are lost or decreased
  • depressed segmental spinal reflexes
30
Q

Signs of complete cord transaction syndrome

A
  1. Bilateral lower motor neuron paralysis and muscle atrophy in lesion segment
  2. Bilateral spastic paralysis below lesion
  3. Bilateral sensory loss below lesion
  4. Loss of voluntary bladder and bowel control
31
Q

Causes of anteroom cord syndrome

A
  • Contusion of cord during vertebral fracture
  • Ischaemia
  • Herniated vertebral disc
32
Q

Symptoms of anterior cord syndrome

A
  1. Bilateral lower motor neuron paralysis and muscular atrophy in lesion region
  2. Bilateral spastic paralysis below lesion level (extrapyramidal/ant. c.spinal)
  3. Bilateral loss of crude touch, pain, temp below lesion (spinothalamic)
33
Q

Main cause of central cord syndrome

A

Hyperextension of cervical spine

34
Q

Symptoms of central cord syndrome

A
  1. Bilateral lower motor neuron paralysis and muscular atrophy in lesion region
  2. Bilateral spastic paralysis below lesion with sacral sparing
  3. Bilateral loss of crude touch, pain, temp, pressure with sacral sparing
35
Q

Cause of Brown-Sequade syndrome/cord hemisection

A
  • Vertebral column fracture dislocation
  • Trauma
  • Tumour
36
Q

Symptoms of Brown-Sequade syndrome/cord hemisection

A
  1. Ipsilateral lower motor neuron paralysis and muscular atrophy in lesion region
  2. Ipsilateral spastic paralysis below lesion level
  3. Ipsilateral band of cutaneous anaesthesia in lesion segment
  4. Ipsilateral loss of tactile discrimination vibration and conscious proprioception below lesion level
  5. Contralateral loss of pain, temp, crude touch, pressure
37
Q

Cause of syringomyelia

A

CSF cyst in central canal causing gliosis

38
Q

Symptoms of syringomyelia

A
  1. Loss of pain, temp, crude touch, pressure in dermatomes both sides of lesion
  2. Lower motor neuron weakness present in small muscles of hand
39
Q

Cause of Poliomyelitis and consequences

A
  • Viral infection of anterior grey column neurons

* Causes motor nerve cell death resulting in paralysis and muscle wasting

40
Q

Definition of multiple sclerosis

A

Demyelination of ascending and descending tracts

41
Q

Clinical signs of multiple sclerosis

A
  • Limb weakness
  • Ataxia due to Cerebellar involvement
  • Spastic paralysis
42
Q

Areas affected by amylotrophic lateral sclerosis

A
  • Corticospinal tracts

* Motor neurons of anterior grey horn

43
Q

Clinical signs of amylotrophic lateral sclerosis

A
  • Lower motor neuron: progressive muscular atrophy, paresis, fasciculations
  • Upper motor neuron: paresis, spasticity, Babinski response

NLM2 Clinical Conditions (6 decks)

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