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Neuroanatomy > Spinal Cord I: Overview > Flashcards

Spinal Cord I: Overview Flashcards

1
Q

Division of spinal segments

A

31
- 8 cervical
- 12 thoracic
- 5 lumbar
- 5 sacral
- 1 coccygeal

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2
Q

Division of Vertebrae

A

33
- 7 cervical
- 12 thoracic
- 5 lumbar
- 5 sacral
- 4 coccygeal

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3
Q

Foramen Magnum

A

the space that the spinal cord passes through to connect to the brainstem

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4
Q

Passing order of vertebrae & spinal segments

A
  • first 7 cervical pass above respective vertebrae, 8th pass above first thoracic vertebra (below 7th)
  • remaining nerves pass below vertebrae
  • 4 coccygeal vertebrae fused; passes below first coccygeal vertebra
  • sacral segments also fused
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5
Q

Dermatomes

A

areas of skin whose sensory info project via certain spinal nerves

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6
Q

Dermatomes and Segmental Organization

A
  • spinal cord segments send and receive info on certain parts of the body
  • cervical segments > arms and head
  • thoracic segments > trunks
  • lumbar, sacral, coccygeal segments > legs
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7
Q

vertebral body

A

most ventral aspect of vertebrae

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8
Q

spinous process

A

most dorsal aspect of the vertebrae

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9
Q

vertebral foramen

A

space through which the spinal cord projects

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10
Q

superior and inferior articular process

A

help connect vertebrae to one another via facet joint

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11
Q

intervertebral foramen

A

space that spinal nerves pass through the vertebrae

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12
Q

intervertebral disk and facet joint

A

cartilaginous joints that (1) allow for minor movements of the spine and vertebrae, (2) act as ligaments to hold the vertebrae together, (3) act as shock absorbers

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13
Q

Longitudinal arterties

A
  • anterior spinal artery provides blood supply to the anterior aspect of the spinal cord
  • 2 posterior spinal arteries provide blood supply to the posterior aspect of the spinal cord
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14
Q

segmental arteries

A

derived from vertebral arteries + others that can then branch off into radicular arteries that run along the dorsal and ventral nerve roots

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15
Q

Meninges (3)

A
  • dura mater > outermost and thickest layer
  • arachnoid mater > middlemost layer; important for cerebrospinal fluid circulation and blood vessel supply
  • pia mater > innermost layer
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16
Q

Denticulate ligaments

A

extensions of the pia mater that anchor the spinal cord to the dura mater (meninge)
- located between spinal nerves

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17
Q

Lumbar Cistern (definition)

A

region from conus medullaris to end of dural sac

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18
Q

conus medullaris

A

tapering end of the spinal cord, located around the first lumbar vertebra

19
Q

filum terminale

A

extension of the pia mater that helps anchor the spinal cord to the vertebral canal
- filum terminale internum is pia mater, externum fuses with dura mater

20
Q

Lumbar cistern (important info)

A
  • spinal cord is shorter than the vertebral column
  • after spinal cord ends, dura, arachnoid, and pia mater continues
  • subarachnoid space is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (ideal for performing lumbar punctures)
  • spinal nerves extend down the canal before passing through their respective intervertebral foramen (creates cauda equina)
21
Q

dorsal roots

A

comprised of sensory axons that enter the spinal cord

22
Q

dorsal root ganglia

A

contains the cell bodies of sensory neurons
- lie approximately in the intervertebral foramen

23
Q

ventral root

A

comprised of motor axons that leave the spinal cord

24
Q

spinal nerve

A

contains both motor and sensory axons leaving and entering the spinal cord

25
Q

ventral ramus

A

contain motor and sensory axons innervating the ventral portion of the body (spinal segment)

26
Q

dorsal ramus

A

contain motor and sensory axons innervating dorsal portion of the body (spinal segment)

27
Q

sympathetic ganglia

A

located near the intervertebral foramen at each spinal segment
- contain afferent and efferent nerve cell bodies responsible for the sympathetic nervous system (spinal segment)

28
Q

white mater

A

exterior portion of the spinal cord that contains mostly axons

29
Q

gray mater

A

interior portion of the spinal cord that contains mostly cell bodies

30
Q

dorsal horn

A

contains mainly interneuron cell bodies for sensory integration and pathways

31
Q

ventral horn

A

contains the cell bodies of motor neurons which drive muscle activity and interneurons

32
Q

Lissauer’s tract

A

ascending and descending small fibers that generally terminate in the SG
- fibers convey pain, temperature, and light tough

33
Q

substantia gelatinosa

A

collection of cells that receive direct input from the dorsal roots

34
Q

nucleus proprius

A

similar function to the SG but more ventral and medial in position

35
Q

Reasons for Spinal cord enlargements

A
  • quantity of white mater decreases from rostral to caudal segments (axons projecting bw the brain and lower spinal segments must pass thru upper spinal segments first > tapering of white mater from cervical to coccygeal segments)
  • gray mater is largest in the cervical and lumbar segments ( neurons are needed for the motor and sensory control of limbs)
36
Q

cervical enlargement

A

responsible for upper limbs

37
Q

lumbar enlargement

A

responsible for lower limbs

38
Q

stretch reflex

A
  • spinal reflex
  • activation of stretch receptors in a muscle activates motor neurons of the same muscle
  • monosynaptic reflex (sensory fiber synapses directly onto motor neuron it controls)
  • helps increase muscle tension to protect it from being torn
39
Q

reciprocal inhibition

A
  • while some muscles are activated, their antagonists are inhibited
  • reciprocal pathway of stretch reflex is disynaptic (sensory axon synapses onto single interneuron which inhibits antagonistic motor neurons)
  • ensures antagonist muscles don’t interfere with the driving muscles of reflex
40
Q

flexor reflex

A
  • spinal reflex
  • activation of pain receptors activates motor neurons of flexor muscles
  • polysynaptic reflex (sensory fiber synapses onto many interneurons, which then synapse onto many motor neurons)
  • important for pain avoidance
41
Q

crossed reflex

A
  • during flexor reflex, pain signals from one leg cross to the other leg to activate extensor muscles and anchor the leg
  • mediated by crossed interneurons
  • specific crossed reflex ensures that we maintain balance while flexor reflex occurs
42
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A
  • sympathetic neurons located in sympathetic ganglia of the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord (responsible for flight or flight responses)
  • parasympathetic neurons located inside the brainstem and sacral spinal cord (responsible for rest and digest responses)
43
Q

locomotion

A
  • central pattern generator > collection of interneurons in the spinal cord that are responsible for driving rhythm of locomotion and pattern of motor neuron activity
  • interneurons modulated by (1) visual system for object recognition and avoidance, (2) vestibular system for balance, (3) proprioceptive and sensory systems for limb positioning and placement
    ** brain & brainstem initiate locomotion, spinal cord maintains, different systems modulate

Neuroanatomy (8 decks)

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