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Neuroanatomy > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Vertebral arteries

A

brainstem and cerebellum

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2
Q

Internal carotid arteries

A

provides 80%
supplies most of telencephalon and diencephalon

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3
Q

What areas would be affected from the occlusion of the Anterior Cerebral Artery?

A

leg and hip regions

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4
Q

What areas would be affected from the occlusion of the Middle Cerebral Artery?

A

arms and facial regions

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5
Q

Craniorachischisis

A

open spinal cord and spine
CNS is abnormally open on its dorsal surface

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6
Q

Anencephaly

A

failure of the rostral end of the neural tube
to close

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7
Q

Spina bifida

A

failure of the caudal end of the neural tube
to close

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8
Q

Primary Brain Vesicles

A

bulges and kinks appear along the anterior-posterior extent of the neural tube (prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon)

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9
Q

Secondary Brain Vesicles

A

prosencephalon (forebrain) - telencephalon & diencephalon
mesencephalon (midbrain)
rhombencephalon (hindbrain) - metencephalon & myelencephalon

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10
Q

Derivatives of Secondary Vesicles

A

telencephalon - cerebrum
diencephalon - thalamus, hypothalamus, retina, midbrain structures
mesencephalon - midbrain
metencephalon - pons, cerebellum
myelencephalon - medulla

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11
Q

Holoprosencephaly

A

partial/complete failure of the prosencephalon to separate into the diencephalon & paired telencephalon vesicles
- caused by too little hedgehog signaling

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12
Q

Cyclopia

A

extreme case of holoprosencephaly; single brain vesicle w/ large fused single midline eye

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13
Q

Tangential Migration

A

new born neurons arise from the ganglionic eminence in ventral striatum
- migrate long distances through the developing neocortex to supply inhibitory neurons

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14
Q

Radial Migration

A

new born neurons arise at the ventricular surface and migrate upwards in a radial pattern to form cortical pyramidal neurons (excitatory)

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15
Q

Spinothalamic tracts pathway (orders)

A

1st - dorsal root ganglia
2nd - nucleus proprius
3rd - thalamus
cross - in spinal cord, prior to entering tracts

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16
Q

Spinocerebellar tracts pathway (orders)

A

only second order
1st - dorsal root ganglia
2nd - neurons in spinal cord
ipsilateral but ventral cerebellar tract undergoes double cross in spinal cord then brainstem

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17
Q

Corticospinal tracts pathway order

A

1st - motor, premotor, and supplemental motor cortices (upper motor neurons)
2nd - spinal cord (generally interneurons)
contralateral
crosses - medulla oblongata (lateral) and in spinal cord (anterior)

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18
Q

Brainstem tracts (involuntary) (4)

A
  1. vestibulospinal (locomotor reflex and balance)
  2. tectospinal (head and eye movement, direct toward sights and sound; terminates in cervical spinal cord)
  3. reticulospinal (postural control and locomotion)
  4. rubrospinal (locomotion; terminates in cervical and thoracic spinal segments - responsible for trunk and upper limbs)
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19
Q

Division of spinal segments

A

31
- 8 cervical
- 12 thoracic
- 5 lumbar
- 5 sacral
- 1 coccygeal

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20
Q

Division of Vertebrae

A

33
- 7 cervical
- 12 thoracic
- 5 lumbar
- 5 sacral
- 4 coccygeal

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21
Q

Foramen Magnum

A

the space that the spinal cord passes through to connect to the brainstem

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22
Q

Passing order of vertebrae & spinal segments

A
  • first 7 cervical pass above respective vertebrae, 8th pass above first thoracic vertebra (below 7th)
  • remaining nerves pass below vertebrae
  • 4 coccygeal vertebrae fused; passes below first coccygeal vertebra
  • sacral segments also fused
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23
Q

Dermatomes

A

areas of skin whose sensory info project via certain spinal nerves

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24
Q

superior and inferior articular process

A

help connect vertebrae to one another via facet joint

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25
Q

vertebral foramen

A

space through which the spinal cord projects

26
Q

intervertebral foramen

A

space that spinal nerves pass through the vertebrae

27
Q

intervertebral disk and facet joint

A

cartilaginous joints that (1) allow for minor movements of the spine and vertebrae, (2) act as ligaments to hold the vertebrae together, (3) act as shock absorbers

28
Q

segmental arteries

A

derived from vertebral arteries
- branch off into radicular arteries that run along the dorsal and ventral nerve roots

29
Q

filum terminale

A

extension of the pia mater that helps anchor the spinal cord to the vertebral canal
- filum terminale internum is pia mater, externum fuses with dura mater

30
Q

Lumbar Cistern (definition)

A

region from conus medullaris to end of dural sac

31
Q

dorsal roots

A

sensory axons that enter the spinal cord

32
Q

dorsal root ganglia

A

contains cell bodies of sensory neurons

33
Q

ventral root

A

motor axons that leave the spinal cord

34
Q

spinal nerve

A

contains both motor and sensory axons leaving and entering the spinal cord

35
Q

ventral ramus

A

contain motor and sensory axons innervating the ventral portion of the body (spinal segment)

36
Q

dorsal ramus

A

contain motor and sensory axons innervating dorsal portion of the body (spinal segment)

37
Q

sympathetic ganglia

A

contain afferent and efferent nerve cell bodies responsible for the sympathetic nervous system

38
Q

Reasons for Spinal cord enlargements

A
  • quantity of white mater decreases from rostral to caudal segments
  • gray mater is largest in the cervical and lumbar segments
39
Q

dorsal horn

A

contains mainly interneuron cell bodies for sensory integration and pathways

40
Q

ventral horn

A

contains the cell bodies of motor neurons which drive muscle activity and interneurons

41
Q

Lissauer’s tract

A

ascending and descending small fibers that generally terminate in the SG
- fibers convey pain, temperature, and light tough

42
Q

substantia gelatinosa

A

collection of cells that receive direct input from the dorsal roots

43
Q

nucleus proprius

A

similar function to the SG but more ventral and medial in position

44
Q

Central Pattern Generator

A

collection of interneurons in the spinal cord that are responsible for driving rhythm of locomotion and pattern of motor neuron activity

45
Q

Cutaneous receptors

A
  • touch, pain, temp., itch
  • encapsulated > meissner corpuscles, pacinian corpuscles, ruffini endings
  • nonencapsulated > root hair plexus, merkel cells, free nerve endings
46
Q

Proprioceptive (muscle) receptors

A
  • encapsulated
  • muscle spindles and golgi tendon organ
    encapsulated
47
Q

Root Hair Plexus

A

touch
wrap around hair to detect movement

48
Q

Merkel Cells

A
  • touch
    connect to nerve endings of skin
49
Q

Free Nerve Endings

A

touch, pain, temp., itch

50
Q

Meissner Corpuscles

A

detects fine touch and pressure

51
Q

Pacinian Corpuscles

A

deeper sensory receptors for vibration and deep pressure

52
Q

Ruffini Endings

A

detects skin stretch, pressure, joint movement, temp.

53
Q

Muscle Spindles

A
  • wraps around intrafusal muscle fibers
  • muscle stretch and velocity
54
Q

Golgi Tendon Organs

A

muscle tension

55
Q

Sensory Fiber Entry Zones

A

small > join and form Lissauer’s tract
large > enter medial to Lissauer’s tract

56
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A
  • 70% produced in choroid plexus, 30% secreted by parenchyma in brain
  • filtrates blood as it passes through choroid plexus
  • low protein content
  • clear, colorless, sterile
  • presence of white blood cells indicates bacteria meningitis or viral encephalitis
57
Q

Ventricles (functions)

A
  • brain and spinal cord float in CSF > reduces tension bw CNS and connecting nerves and blood vessels
  • provides cushion that dampens the effect of trauma
  • acts as a vehicle to remove metabolites from CNS
  • stabilizes ionic composition of CNS
58
Q

Acquired Hydrocephalus

A

develops after birth as a result of neurological conditions such as head trauma, brain tumor, cyst, intraventricular hemorrhage or infection of CNS

59
Q

congenital hydrocephalus

A

present at birth, caused by complex interaction of genetic and environmental factors during fetal development

60
Q

4 Main Functional Types of Cranial Nerves

A
  1. somatic sensory > senses from the face
  2. visceral sensory > taste
  3. visceral motor > pupil constriction, salivation, cardiac, digestion, airway, lacrimation
  4. somatic motor > lower motor neurons
61
Q

Cranial Nerve Rules

A
  • The nuclei of CNs with pure motor function are located along the midline
  • Axons exit on the ventral side of the brain stem (except CN IV)
  • CN nuclei are ipsilateral to their targets (except CN IV)
  • If it has autonomic function it will be parasympathetic
62
Q

Cranial Nerves

A

1/I - olfactory bulb
2/II - optic nerve
3/III - oculomotor nerve
4/IV - trochlear
5/V - trigeminal
6/VI - abducens
7/II - facial
8/VIII - vestibulochochlear
9/IX - glossopharyngeal
10/X - vagus
11/XI - spinal accessory
12/XII - hypoglossal

Neuroanatomy (8 decks)

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