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NEUROLEC > SPINAL CORD > Flashcards

SPINAL CORD Flashcards

1
Q

Somatotopic Organization

A

segmental organization

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2
Q

Location of SC

A

from the foramen magnum until L1 (adults) and L3 (newborn)

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3
Q

Subarachnoid Space

A

lies within this area and extends caudally to the level of S2

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4
Q

Dural Sac

A

suspends and anchors the spinal cord

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5
Q

Denticulate Ligament

A

two flattened bands with 21 teeth

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6
Q

Filum Terminale

A

conus medullaris until the end of the dural sac

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7
Q

Spinal Nerve Roots

A

strongest fixation and anchorage of the sc to the vertebral canal

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8
Q

Cervical Enlargements

A

C5-T1 (brachial plexus)

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9
Q

Lumbar Enlargements

A

L1-S2 (lumbosacral plexus)

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10
Q

Conus Medullaris

A

terminal end
45 cm in males, 42 cm in females

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11
Q

Spinal Nerves

A

31 pairs
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal
motor and sensory fibers

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12
Q

C1 and CO Nerves

A

no dermatomes (no sensory)

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13
Q

Passageway of C1

A

atlas and the skull

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14
Q

Passageway of C2

A

atlas and axis

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15
Q

Exit of Spinal Nerves

A

intervertebral or spinal foramina

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16
Q

GSA

A

General Somatic Afferent
input from muscles, bone, skin, and joints

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17
Q

GVA

A

General Visceral Afferent
input from visceral organs

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18
Q

GSE

A

General Somatic Efferent
output from ventral horn motor neurons to skeletal muscles

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19
Q

GVE

A

General Visceral Efferent
output from intermediolateral cell column via prevertebral ganglia to the visceral organs (sympathetic division)
sacral parasympathetic nucleus via intramural ganglia to pelvic viscera

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20
Q

Dorsal Root

A

enters dorsal lateral sulcus as rootlets
sensory input
joints ventral root to form spinal nerve

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21
Q

Dorsal Root Ganglion

A

contains pseudounipolar neurons from neural crest origin
sensory input from periphery (GSA and GVA)

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22
Q

Ventral Roots

A

emerges from ventral lateral sulcus as ventral rootlets
converts motor output from visceral and somatic

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23
Q

Cauda Equina

A

horsetail
contains lumbosacral plexus (L2-CO)

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24
Q

Dorsal Primary Ramus

A

skin and muscles of the back

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25
Q

Ventral Primary Ramus

A

ventral lateral muscles and skin of the trunk, extremities, and visceral organs

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26
Q

Meningeal Ramus

A

meninges and vertebral column

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27
Q

White communicating rami

A

myelinated preganglionic and GVA
only found in the thoracolumbar segments (T1-L3)

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28
Q

Gray communicating rami

A

unmyelinated postganglionic and all spinal nerves

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29
Q

Somite

A

dermatome, myotome, and sclerotome

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30
Q

Dermatome

A

cutaneous area

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31
Q

Myotome

A

muscles

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32
Q

Sclerotome

A

bones and ligaments

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33
Q

Gray Matter

A

located centrally
butterfly; H-shaped
central canal

34
Q

Gray Matter Dorsal Horn

A

sensory input
rexed laminae (dorsal to ventral)

35
Q

Rexed Laminae

A

cytoarchitectural areas

36
Q

RL I

A

dorsal marginal nucleus

37
Q

RL II

A

substantia gelatinosa

38
Q

RL III and IV

A

nucleus proprius; where spinothalamic tract synapses (pressure and vibration)

39
Q

RL V

A

neck of RL IV

40
Q

RL VI

A

no nociceptive input; sensitive to movement/ stretch of internal joints

41
Q

RL VII

A

nucleus dorsalis of Clarke

42
Q

RL X

A

central canal
where gray commissure is located

43
Q

Gray Matter Lateral Horn

A

viscerosensory input
extends from T1-L3
contains intermediolateral nucleus

44
Q

T1-T2

A

cliospinal center of budge (sympathetic innervation of eye)

45
Q

Gray Matter Ventral Horn

A

motor function
spinal border cells
sacral parasympathetic nucleus
somatic motor nuclei
spinal accessory nucleus
phrenic nucleus

45
Q

White Matter

A

myelinated fibers containing ascending and descending tracts

46
Q

Dorsal Funiculus

A

fasciculus gracilis
fasciculus cuneatus

47
Q

Lateral Funiculus

A

lateral spinothalamic tract
dorsolateral fasciculus tract of lissauer
spinocerebellar

48
Q

Ventral Funiculus

A

vestibulospinal
reticulospinal
anterior spinothalamic tract

49
Q

Cervical Cord

A

dorsal intermediate sulci and septa are present
massive ventral horns from C3-C8

50
Q

Thoracic Cord

A

h shaped gray matter
dorsal

51
Q

Lumbar Cord

A

massive ventral horns (L3-5)
butterfly shaped

52
Q

Myotatic Reflex

A

monosynaptic and ipsilateral muscle stretch
afferent and efferent limb
reciprocal inhibition: contraction of agonist and relaxation of antagonist

53
Q

Afferent Limb

A

muscle spindle, DRG neuron, and type Ia fiber

54
Q

Efferent Limb

A

ventral horn motor neuron

55
Q

Four commonly tested muscle stretch reflexes

A

ankle jerk: S1
knee jerk: L2-L4
biceps: C5-C6
triceps: C7-C8

56
Q

Ascending Spinal Tracts

A

sensory information
first order neuron will always be DRG
usually decussates before reaching final destination

57
Q

DCML Tract (Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscus)

A

tactile, discrimination, vibration, recognition, and joint muscle sensation
mediates conscious proprioception
receives input from pacini’s, meissner’s corpuscles, joint receptors, muscle spindles, golgi tendon organs

58
Q

DCML Pathway

A

1st order: DRG (fasciculus gracilis from LE; fasciculus cuneatus from UE)
2nd order: medulla (internal arcuate fibers decussate to form the medial lemniscus that ascends thru the contralateral brainstem)
3rd order: VPL of thalamus (somatosensory cortex; 3,1,2)

59
Q

Ventral Spinothalamic Tract

A

light pressure and touch
slow pain
free nerve endings and merkel’s tactile discs

60
Q

Anterior Spinothalamic Tract

A

pain and temperature
fast pain
a delta and c fibers
sacral fibers: dorsolaterally
cervical fibers: ventromedially

61
Q

Ventral Spinothalamic Tract Pathway

A

1st order: DRG
2nd order: substantia gelatinosa
3rd order: VPL of thalamus

62
Q

Lateral Spinothalamic Tract Pathway

A

1st order: Dorsolateral tract of Lissauer
2nd order: substantia gelatinosa
3rd order: VPL of thalamus

63
Q

Dorsal Spinocerebellar Tract

A

unconscious proprioceptive information
fine coordination of posture and movement of individual muscles of LE
muscle spindles, GTO, and pressure receptors
uncrossed tract: goes straight to cerebellum and does not decussate

64
Q

Lateral Spinocerebellar Tract

A

unconscious proprioceptive information
coordinated movement and posture of the entire lower extremity
crossed tract

65
Q

Dorsal Spinocerebellar Tract Pathway

A

1st order: DRG (C8-S3)
-afferent limb for muscle stretch reflexes, medial root entry zone
2nd order: Nucleus Dorsalis of Clarke
-ascend in lateral funiculus
-inferior peduncle –> rostral and ventral cerebellar vermis
-terminate ipsilaterally as mossy fibers

66
Q

Lateral Spinocerebellar Tract Pathway

A

1st order: DRG (L1-S2); muscle stretch reflexes
2nd order: Spinal Border Cells in Ventral Horns
-decussate in the ventral white commissure
-ascend in lateral funiculus
-superior peduncle
-terminate contralaterally as mossy fibers of rostral cerebellar vermis

67
Q

Cuneocerebellar Tract

A

UE equivalent of dorsal spinocerebellar tract

68
Q

Cuneocerebellar Pathway

A

1st order: DRG (C2-T7)
-project axons via fasciculus cuneatus to caudate medulla
2nd order: accessory cuneate nucleus of medulla
-synapse via inferior cerebellar
-terminates ipsilaterally of anterior lobe of cerebellum

69
Q

Descending Spinal Tracts

A

somatic and visceral motor
originates in the cerebral cortex

70
Q

Lateral Corticospinal (Pyramidal) Tract

A

volitional skilled motor activity
input from paracentral lobule (contralateral leg and foot)
supplied by ACA

71
Q

Lateral Corticospinal (Pyramidal) Tract Origin and Transmission

A
  • premotor cortex (BA 6)
    -motor cortex (BA 4)
    -postcentral sensory cortex (3,1,2)
    terminates via interneurons (modulates preciseness)
72
Q

Lateral Corticospinal (Pyramidal) Tract Fibers

A

90% between 1-4 micra
>20 micra= Giant Cells of Betz (found in precentral gyrus and anterior paracentral lobule)

73
Q

Lateral Corticospinal (Pyramidal) Pathway

A
  1. posterior limb of internal capsule
  2. middle 3/5 of crus cerebri of midbrain
  3. bases of pons
  4. pyramid of medulla (pyramidal decussation/ great motor decussation)
    - medial lemniscus: great sensory decussation
74
Q

Transection of Lateral Corticospinal Pathway

A

Babinski’s sign

75
Q

Ventral Corticospinal Tract

A

small uncrossed tract
decussates in ventral white commissures
controls axial muscles

76
Q

Vestibulospinal Tract

A

arises in the ipsilateral lateral vestibular nucleus, giant cells of Dieters
controls extensor tone
located in ventral funiculus
uncrossed tract
concerned with postural activity and associated with balance

77
Q

Rubrospinal Tract

A

arises in the contralateral red nucleus in the midbrain
controls flexor tone
ventral to the lateral corticospinal tract

78
Q

Descending Autonomic Tracts

A

sympathetic - T1-L3
parasympathetic - S2-4
ciliospinal center/ center of budge -T1-T2

79
Q

Horner’s Syndrome

A

damage to ciliospinal center

NEUROLEC (3 decks)

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