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CEREBRUM Flashcards

1
Q

Cerebrum

A

largest part of the brain
occupies the anterior and middle cranial fossa
divided into
>diencephalon: central core
>telencephalon: cerebral hemispheres

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2
Q

Other term for brain and contents

A

encephalon
gyri, sulci
cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem

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3
Q

Weight of brain in children

A

350 g

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4
Q

Weight of brain in adults

A

1400 g

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5
Q

Meninges

A

three layered connective tissue that covers the brain

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6
Q

CSF

A

surrounds the brain and protects it from trauma

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7
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

extends from (anterior) central sulcus/ fissure of Rolando until the frontal pole and superior to the lateral sulcus
3 sulci and 4 gyri

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8
Q

3 sulci of the frontal lobe

A

precentral sulcus: parallel to the precentral gyrus
superior frontal sulcus and inferior frontal sulcus: anterior to precentral sulcus

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9
Q

4 gyri of the frontal lobe

A

precentral gyrus (BA 4): primary motor cortex found in between the central sulcus and precentral sulcus
superior frontal gyrus: superior to superior frontal sulcus
middle frontal gyrus: in between the superior and inferior frontal sulcus
inferior frontal gyrus: inferior to inferior frontal sulcus; invaded by the anterior ramus and ascending ramus

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10
Q

Extra kinemerlu of frontal lobe

A

gyrus rectus and orbital gyri
anterior paracentral lobule: continuation of precentral gyrus

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11
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

posterior to the central sulcus superior to the lateral sulcus and runs until the parietooccipital sulcus

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12
Q

2 Sulci of the Parietal Lobe

A

postcentral sulcus: parallel to central sulcus
intraparietal sulcus: posteriorly from the middle of the paracentral sulcus

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13
Q

3 Gyri of the Parietal Lobe

A

post central gyrus (BA 3,1,2): between central sulcus and post central sulcus
superior parietal lobule (BA 5,7): superior to intraparietal sulcus
inferior parietal lobule: inferior to intraparietal sulcus
>angular gyrus
>supramarginal gyrus

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14
Q

Extra kinemerlu of Parietal Lobe

A

precuneus
posterior paracentral lobule: continuation of post central gyrus

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15
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

expands from temporal pole to the line separating temporal lobe and occipital lobe
auditory

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16
Q

2 Sulci of the Temporal Lobe

A

superior temporal sulcus and middle temporal sulcus: parallel to post ramus of lateral sulcus; divides the 3 gyri

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17
Q

3 Gyri of the Temporal Lobe

A

superior temporal gyrus
middle temporal gyrus
inferior temporal gyrus

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18
Q

Extra kinemerlu of the Temporal Lobe

A

transverse temporal gyri of heschl
lateral occipitotemporal gyrus

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19
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

runs posterior to line connecting the parietooccipital sulcus and occipital pole
smallest
related to vision

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20
Q

2 Structures of Occipital Lobe

A

cuneus
lingual gyrus (medial occipitotemporal gyrus)

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21
Q

Insular Lobe

A

deep into the lateral sulcus
a part of the temporal lobe
related to memory and emotion
long and short gyri
Island of Reil

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22
Q

Association Fibers

A

connect lobes in one hemisphere

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23
Q

Commissure

A

connecting hemispheres

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24
Q

Internal Capsule

A

highway of information from one area of the body to the primary centers

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25
Q

Limbic Lobe

A

C shaped structure of the medial hemisphere
encircles the corpus callosum going to the lateral aspect of the midbrain

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26
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

largest commissure of the brain

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27
Q

Limbic Lobe Structures

A

cingulate gyrus
parahippocampal gyrus
hippocampal gyrus
papez circuit
paraterminal gyrus and subcallosal area

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28
Q

Cingulate Gyrus

A

biggest portion
runs anterior, superior, and posterior to corpus callosum

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29
Q

Callosal Sulcus

A

separates corpus callosum and cingulate gyrus

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30
Q

Cingulate Sulcus

A

separates cingulate gyrus from superior frontal gyrus

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31
Q

Parahippocampal gyrus

A

in between collateral sulcus and calcarine sulcus

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32
Q

Hippocampal Gyrus

A

storing memory

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33
Q

Papez Circuit

A

memory and emotion; explains why we get hungry

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34
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

gray matter
caudate nucleus
putamen
globus pallidus
amygdaloid nuclear complex

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35
Q

Caudate Nucleus

A

C shaped lat to the thalamus and related to lateral ventricle

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36
Q

Internal Capsule

A

separates the caudate nucleus with the lentiform nucleus

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37
Q

Lentiform nucleus

A

putamen (lateral): common site of hemorrhage
globus pallidus (medial)

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38
Q

Amygdaloid Nuclear Complex

A

situated close to temporal lobe near uncus
part of limbic system

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39
Q

Corpus Striatum

A

lentiform and caudate nucleus
receives afferent signals from cerebral cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus, and brainstem
responsible for movement by controlling cerebral cortex

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40
Q

Lateral Ventricle

A

ependyma-lined contains CSF and choroid plexus

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41
Q

Foramen of Monro

A

allows communication of third ventricle with the lateral ventricle
bounded anteriorly by anterior column of fornix and posteriorly by anterior end of thalamus

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42
Q

Septa Pellucida

A

separates right and left lateral ventricles

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43
Q

Divisions of the lateral ventricle

A

body horn: temporal lobe
anterior horn: frontal lobe
posterior horn: occipital lobe
inferior horn: temporal lobe

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44
Q

White Matter

A

Commissures
> corpus callosum
> anterior commissure
> posterior commissure
> hippocampal commissure
Internal Capsule
>anterior limb
>posterior limb
>genu (body)

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45
Q

Diencephalon

A

posteriorly contains the third ventricle (continuous with cerebral aqueduct) until interventricular foramina anteriorly

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46
Q

4 Major Parts of the Diencephalon

A

thalamus: largest
subthalamus: smallest
epithalamus
hypothalamus

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47
Q

Lamina Terminalis

A

gray matter that forms the anterior wall of the third ventricle

48
Q

Tela Choroidea

A

two layered pia mater superior to the superior wall

49
Q

Choroid Plexus

A

invagination of the ependymal roof as the tela choroidea projects downward from the midline

50
Q

Inferior Surface of the Diencephalon

A

only visible part with perforated substances
anterior to posterior
optic chiasma
optic tract
infundibulum
tuber cinereum
mamillary bodies

51
Q

Superior Wall of the Diencephalon

A

covered by the fornix/ hippocampal commissure runs posteriorly to the thalamus to join the mamillary body

52
Q

Actual superior wall of the diencephalon

A

roof of the third ventricle

53
Q

Lateral surface of diencephalon

A

internal capsule: connects the cerebral cortex with other parts of the brainstem and the sc
outer portion

54
Q

Medial Surface of the diencephalon

A

superior: medial surface of the thalamus
hypothalamic sulcus: separates the thalamus and hypothalamus
inferior: hypothalamus
habenular nuclei and stria medullaris thalami

55
Q

Habenular Nuclei

A

receives afferent fibers from the amygdala and hippocampus; but before it reaches this it goes thru the stria medullaris thalami

56
Q

Thalamus

A

anterior: posterior boundary of interventricular posterior
inferior: pulvinar (superior colliculus and brachium of superior colliculus)
lateral part: choroid plexus
lateral surface: internal capsule (separates from lentiform nucleus)
medial: interthalamic adhesions

57
Q

Lateral Geniculate Body

A

visual pathway

58
Q

Medial Geniculate Body

A

auditory pathway

59
Q

Metathalamus

A

lateral geniculate body
medial geniculate body

60
Q

Subthalamus

A

red nuclei
substantia nigra
subthalamic nuclei
zona incerta and fields of forel

61
Q

Subthalamic nuclei

A

together with the corpus striatum (lentiform and caudate nucleus) aids in control of muscle activity

62
Q

Habenular Nucleus

A

small group of nucleus
afferent fibers received from amygdaloid nucleus (temporal lobe) through the stria medullaris thalami; others pass through hippocampal formation through fornix

63
Q

Hippocampal Commissure

A

formed from the afferent fibers from the stria medullaris thalami crossing the midline and reaching the opposite habenular nuclei
decussation

64
Q

Fornix or Hippocampal Commissure

A

connects the hippocampal nuclei

65
Q

Projection fiber of the habenular nucleus

A

internal capsule

66
Q

Pathway of Axons from the Habenular Nucleus

A

interpeduncular nucleus
tectum of the midbrain
reticular formation of the midbrain

67
Q

Function of Habenular Nucleus

A

center of integration of olfactory, visceral, and somatic afferent pathways
influences how brain responds to anxiety, pain, stress, and sleep

68
Q

Function of the Amygdaloid Nucleus

A

memory and behavior

69
Q

Pineal Body Location

A

connected to the diencephalon via pineal stalk (base is continuous with the third ventricle)
posterior to the midbrain
superior part: habenular commissure
inferior part: posterior commissure

70
Q

Types of Cells in the Pineal Body

A

pinealocytes: pineal secretions
glial cells

71
Q

Function of Pineal Body

A

no nerve fibers; adrenergic sympathetic fibers run in association with the CSF and blood

72
Q

Influence of Pineal Body on Endocrine Organs

A

pituitary gland
adrenal cortex and medulla
gonads
parathyroids
islets of langerhans

73
Q

Endocrine functions of the Pineal Body

A

inhibitory
circardian rhythm (sleep wake cycle)
high concentration of melatonin
regulation of reproductive function

74
Q

Nerve Pathway to reach Pineal Body

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus
tegmentum of midbrain
pineal body

75
Q

Release of Melatonin

A

when melatonin is released in the blood or CSF of the third ventricle it passes the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland inhibiting GnRH hormone

76
Q

Location of Hypothalamus

A

anterior: optic chiasma, lamina terminalis, anterior commissure (pre optic area)
caudally: merges with midbrain
superior: thalamus
inferolateral: subthalamic region
situated close to the limbic system, thalamus, ascending and descending tracts, and hypophysis

77
Q

Pre optic area

A

optic chiasm
lamina terminalis
anterior commissure

78
Q

Anterior to Posterior structures of the Hypothalamus

A

optic chiasma
tuber cinereum and infundibulum
mamillary body
posterior perforated substance: blood passes through for midbrain

79
Q

Hypophysis

A

secretion of endocrine glands

80
Q

Function of the Hypothalamus

A

autonomic nervous system and endocrine system
maintaining homeostasis
regulation of body temperature, body fluids, drives to eat/ drink, sexual behavior and emotion

81
Q

Location of Optic Chiasma

A

superior: lamina terminalis
inferior: hypophysis separated by diaphgrama sellae
anterolateral: optic nerve
posterolateral: optic tract

82
Q

Fibers going to the Optic Chiasma

A

nasal: medially (decussates)
temporal: laterally (ipsilateral)

83
Q

Optic Chiasma

A

flattened bundle of nerve fibers

84
Q

Tuber Cinereum

A

inferiorly continuous with infundibulum and posterior lobe of the hypophysis (pituitary lobe)
medial eminence is attached to the infundibulum

85
Q

Pars Nervosa

A

medial eminence of tuber cinereum
infundibulum
posterior lobe

86
Q

Neurohypophysis

A

hypophysis cerebri
pars nervosa

87
Q

Mamillary Bodies

A

two side by side small hemispherical bodies
posterior to tuber cinereum
invested by a capsule of myelinated nerve fibers
posterior to it is the posterior perforated substances: supplies the midbrain and some diencephalic structures

88
Q

Third ventricle communication

A

anterior: communicates with third ventricle via foramen of monro
posterior: communicates with fourth ventricle via cerebral aqueduct

89
Q

Walls of the Third Ventricle

A

anterior wall: anterior commissure (anterior columns of fornix/ hippocampal commissure) and lamina terminalis
posterior wall: cerebral aqueduct (superior: posterior commissure; superior: pineal recess; superior: habenular commissure)
lateral wall: superiorly: thalamus; inferiorly: hypothalamus
superior wall: ependymal layer (superior: tela choroidea)
roof: corpus callosum and fornix
inferior wall: optic chiasma, tuber cinereum, infundibulum, mamillary bodies (posterior: tegmentum of the cerebral peduncles)

90
Q

Tela Choroidea

A

invaginates ependymal roof to form choroid plexus and inside are internal cerebral veins

91
Q

Longitudinal Fissure

A

separates the cerebral hemispheres into 2
contains falx cerebri and anterior cerebral arteries

92
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

largest commissure that separates the hemisphere across the midline

93
Q

Tentorium Cerebri

A

horizontal fold of dura mater
separates the cerebral hemispheres from the cerebellum

94
Q

Central Sulcus

A

anterior: motor cells initiating movements of opposite side of the body
posterior: great sensory cortex receiving information from the opposite side of the body
separates the frontal and parietal lobes

95
Q

Lateral Sulcus

A

deep cleft on the inferior and lateral surfaces
short stem with three rami
anterior horizontal ramus
anterior ascending ramus
posterior ramus
lies deep
separates the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes

96
Q

Parieto-occipital Sulcus

A

superior margin of the hemisphere 2 inches anterior to occipital lobe
separates parietal, occipital, and temporal lobe

97
Q

Calcarine Sulcus

A

medial surface of the hemisphere
joined at an acute angle by the parieto-occipital sulcus
separates the occipital lobes

98
Q

Thalamic Lesions

A

thrombosis or hemorrhage
confined to the contralateral side of the body
impairment in light touch, tactile localization and discrimination, and loss of appreciation of joints

99
Q

Subthalamic Lesions

A

sudden forceful involuntary movements in a contralateral extremity
jerky (choreiform) or violent (ballistic)

100
Q

Pineal Gland Clinical Notes

A

calcareous concentrations that accumulate within the glial cells and connective tissues with age
severe alteration of reproductive function

101
Q

Hypothalamic Lesions

A

tumors: craniopharyngioma, chromophobe adenoma of the pituitary and pineal tumors
abnormalities: genital hypoplasia, atrophy, diabetes insipidus, obesity, disturbances of sleep, irregular pyrexia, emaciation
adiposogenital dystrophy syndrome

102
Q

Focal Lesions of the Precentral Gyrus

A

contralateral hemiparesis

102
Q

Focal lesions of post central gyrus

A

contralateral hemisensory loss

103
Q

Widespread lesions of the frontal lobe

A

loss of attention span/ change in social behavior

104
Q

Dementia

A

widespread degeneration of the cerebral cortex

105
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

blockage of the foramen by a cerebral tumor

106
Q

Calcification of Choroid Plexus

A

largest where the body and posterior and inferior horns join and calcified with age

107
Q

Tumors on anterior two thirds of posterior limb of basal ganglia

A

severe motor or sensory symptoms on opposite side of the body

108
Q

Posteriorly situated tumors of the basal ganglia

A

impairment of sensation on the opposite side

109
Q

Corpus Callosum Importance

A

learned discrimination, sensory experience, and memory

110
Q

Failure of corpus callosum to develop

A

no definite signs or symptoms

111
Q

Corpus callosum destroyed by disease

A

each hemisphere becomes isolated

112
Q

Internal Capsular Disorders

A

vascular= atheromatous degeneration of an artery
high BP
small hemorrhage= widespread effects on contralateral side of the body
immediate neural tissue destroyed by blood later clots and neighboring nerve fibers are compressed

113
Q

Alzheimer Disease

A

early memory loss, disintegration of personality, complete disorientation, deterioration of speech, restlessness
late stages: bedridden

114
Q

Early sites affected in Alzheimer’s disease

A

hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, associated areas of cerebral cortex

115
Q

Senile Plaques

A

found in Alzheimer’s disease, accumulation of several proteins of beta amyloid causing neurofibrillary tangles

NEUROLEC (3 decks)

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