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Large Animal Anatomy Midterm > Spinal And Autonomic Nerves > Flashcards

Spinal And Autonomic Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

What is the disease in the brain called?

A

Encephalopathy

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2
Q

What is a disease of the spinal cord called?

A

Myelopathy

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3
Q

What is a disease in the peripheral nerves called?

A

Peripheral neuropathy

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4
Q

Peripheral neuropathies differ from CNS encephalopathgies and myelopathies by the presence of:

A
  • hyporeflexia and hypotonia
  • denier action atrophy
  • unilateral (!) motor and/or sensory deficits
  • normal. Function cranial and caudal to nerve lesion site
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5
Q

Where would bilateral motor and/or sensory deficits lesion be located?

A

Spinal cord/myelopathy

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6
Q

What does a spinal nerve consist of? (4)

A
  • roots
  • main trunk
  • 4 primary branches
  • peripheral branches of the primary branches
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7
Q

Where are roots located?

A

Within the vertebral canal

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8
Q

What are the sensory afferent region/structures of the spinal roots?

A

Dorsal roots and spinal dorsal root ganglia

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9
Q

Dorsal roots have what type of function?

A

Afferent/sensory

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10
Q

What are the motor efferent structures of the spinal roots?

A

Ventral roots

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11
Q

Afferents have what type of function?

A

Sensory

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12
Q

Efferents have what type of function?

A

Motor

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13
Q

Where is the main trunk of the spinal nerves located?

A

Intervertebral foramen

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14
Q

What is the spinal nerve formula of the horse?

A

C8 T18 L6 S5 Cd7

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15
Q

What is the spinal nerve formula for the cow?

A

C8 T13 L6 S5

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16
Q

How is the spinal nerve formula determined?

A

Total number of vertebrae plus 1 cervical

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17
Q

Where does the 1st cervical nerve emerge?

A

Though the lateral vertebral foramen of atlas

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18
Q

Where does the 2nd cervical nerve emerge IN THE DOG?

A

Through the intervertebral foramen between the 1st and 2nd vertebrae.

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19
Q

Where does the 2nd cervical nerve emerge from IN THE HORSE?

A

Though the lateral vertebral foramen of the axis

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20
Q

Where does the 8th cervical nerve emerge? (Between who?)

A

Runs through the intervertebral foramen between the 7th cervical and 1st thoracic vertebrae

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21
Q

What does a laminectomy entail?

A

Take thee top off..of the spinal n. to see underneath

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22
Q

What are the 4 Branches of the main trunk of the spinal nerve?

A
  • dorsal
  • ventral
  • meningeal
  • communicating
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23
Q

What does the dorsal primary branch supply?

A

The dorsal axial/epaxial and skin over dorsal/dorsalateral body area

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24
Q

Who is the largest primary branch of the spinal nerve?

A

Ze ventral primary branch!!!!

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25
Q

What does the ventral primary spinal nerve innervate?

A
  • Hypaxial muscles
  • thoracic and pelvic limbs
  • skin over these regions
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26
Q

The brachial plexus is associated with what primary branch?

Does it synapse here?

A

Ventral primary branch

No

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27
Q

What is an example of a named nerve coming out of the brachial plexus?

A

Radial nerve

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28
Q

What nerves/branches form the lumbosacral region?

A

Ventral branches of L4-S4

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29
Q

What plexus supplies the pelvic limb and perineal region?

What primary branches are associated with it?

A

Lumbosacral plexus

Ventral branches of L4-S4

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30
Q

Who is the smallest branch of the primary branches of the spinal nerve?

A

Meningeal branch

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31
Q

What is the meningeal primary branch involved with/what do they detect?

A

Noceceptive signals of back injury

32
Q

Where does the communicating branch run to/with?

A

Runs with the sympathetic trunk and chain ganglia

33
Q

What does the communicating branch do?

A

Visceral function of autonomic nervous system

34
Q

What do somatic autonomic nerves innervate?

A

Body wall, skin, subQ tissue, skeletal muscle, joints, tendons, etc

35
Q

What does the visceral peripheral nerves innervate?

A

Internal organs, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

36
Q

What do cutaneous nerves innervate?

A

Skin, smooth muscle around blood vessels (they contain visceral efferent nerve fibers)

37
Q

half of the nerves of the Muscle/motor nerves are muscle _________from muscle propriooceptors.

38
Q

Where does a mixed nerve go?

A

Skin AND muscle

39
Q

What is an example of a mixed nerve?

A

Femoral nerve

40
Q

What are the functional components of the cutaneous branches of the spinal nerves?

A

somatic afferents
visceral afferents
visceral efferents

41
Q

What structures are the visceral afferents and efferents associated with?

A

blood vessels (receptors and the smooth muscle surrounding them)

42
Q

Visceral efferents are in what type of fiber? (pre/postG; sym/parasym)
Where are their cell bodies?

A

postganglionic sympathetic fibers running in chain ganglia

43
Q

What is a cutaneous area?

A

area of skin supplied by a given cutaneous nerve

44
Q

What is an example of a cutaneous nerve that innervates a cutaneous area on the hind limb?

A

Saphenous n.

No motor innervation - cutaneous sensory only

45
Q

What is a autonomous zone?

A

Area supplied by only 1 cutaneous nerve

46
Q

What is an overlap zone?

A

Area supplied by more than 1 cut. n.

47
Q

Of the 2 zones of the cutaneous area, which ha the most diagnostic value? Why?

A

Autonomous zone

Indicates the damage/loss of innervation to one specific nerve

48
Q

What are the differences in a cutaneous area and a dermatome?

A

Cutaneous area - supplied by a specific cutaneous n. Dermatomes - only specifies the area served by a spinal nerve.

49
Q

What is found in muscle nerves and not in cutaneous nerves?

A

somatic efferents

50
Q

where can muscle nerves originate from? (which primary branches?)

A

Dorsal and ventral primary branches

51
Q

What is Sweeny?

A

muscle atrophy in horse due to damage to the suprascapular nerve.
Sensory innervation still intact for that area

52
Q

What are 2 examples of mixed nerves?

Where do they have sensory functions in relation to the limb?

A

Radial and femoral nerves

distal limbs

53
Q

What type of ganglionic fiber has myelinated fibers, cell bodies in the CNS, and terminate in the periphery?

A

preganglionic fiber

54
Q

What type of ganglionic fiber has unmyelinated fibers, cell bodies in the periphery, and terminate in either the paravertebral, prevertebral, or terminal ganglia regions?

A

postganglionic fiber

55
Q

sympathetic nerves have ______ preganglions and ______post ganglions.

A

short

long

56
Q

parasympathetic neves have _______preGs and _______postGs.

A

long

short

57
Q

Where do nerves come out from in parasympathetics?

A

craniosacral division

58
Q

What is another name for the sympathetic division of the ANS?

A

the thoracosacral division

59
Q

Where are the chain ganglia in paraSyms?

A

Haha Nope. You have no chain ganglia here!

60
Q

Where do postG ParaSym fibers go?

A

cardiac muscle, glands, smooth muscle of eye, GIT, resp, and urogenital systems.

61
Q

Where do postG Sym fibers go?

A
  • cardiac muscle, all glands, and all smooth muscles of body

- run in ALL spinal nerves and most of cranial nerves to their peripheral branches

62
Q

What fiber type are these characteristics:
“Anabolic Type”
operates locally
“Rest and Digest”

A

parasympathetic

63
Q

What fiber type has these characteristics:
“catabolic type”
operates globally
“Fight or flight”

A

sympathetic

64
Q

Cholinergic parasym postG fibers released what neurotransmitter?

A

acetylcholine

65
Q

Adrenergic sym postG fibers release what neurotransmitter?

A

norepiniphrine

66
Q

acetylcholine is from what type of fibers?

A

parasym postG fibers

67
Q

norepinephrine is from what type of fibers?

A

sym postG fibers

68
Q

What are the 2 receptors for acetylcholine?

A

nicotinic and muscarinic

69
Q

Where are nicotinic receptors found? what do they respond to?

A
  • pre/postG junctions of both sym and parasym systems
  • all somatic neuromuscular junctions (between somatic efferents and skeletal muscle)
  • respond to acetylcholine
70
Q

Where are muscarinic receptors found and what do they respond to?

A
  • parasym postG effector junction

- acetycholine

71
Q

Where are adrenergic receptors found and what do they respond to?

A
  • sym postG effector junctions

- norepinephrine

72
Q

What is the route of sym nerve fibers to the head/C1/C2 region?

A
  • exit T1
  • pass through cervicothoracic ganglion to travel in sympathetic trunk
  • synapse in cranial cervical ganglion
  • postG from fibers from C1/C2 go back vua communicating branches
  • postG for head travel via plexus around internal carotid
73
Q

What does damage to the vagosympathetic trunk do?

A
  • HORNERS!!!!!
  • eliminates preG to cranial cervical ganglion
  • **sympathetic supply to head removed!!!!!
74
Q

What is the route of sym nerve fibers to the abdominal/pelvuc cavities and the genitalia?

A
  • from T8-L3
  • enter sympathetic trunk
  • leave either via splanchnic n. or L1-L4 lumbar splanchnic n.
  • synapse in prevertebral ganglia
  • travel to effector organ via arterial plexuses
  • preGs for pelvis/urogenitals synapse in caudal mesenteric G and postG leave from hypogastric n. to pass through pelviv plexus
  • PreG to genitals synapse in pelvic plexus or sacral chain G
75
Q

What do the sympathetics do to innervate the body wall? Where do they go and how do they get back?

A
  • from L1-Cd lat horn to sym trunkto synapse in chain G

- back: communicating branch to body wall

76
Q

What is the parasym route for fibers to visceral organs to the transverse colon?

A
  • vagus n. >vagosym trunk>dorsal/ventral vagal trunks>abdominal autonomic plexuses (don’t synapse)>terminal G (synapse) in effector organ
  • short postGs run from terminal G to effector
77
Q

What is the parasym route for fiber to visceral orgasn distal to transverse colon?

A

-S1-S2>PELVIC N.>pelvic plexus (most synapse here)>others fibers may cont and synapse in terminal G

Large Animal Anatomy Midterm (6 decks)

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