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NBS REVIEW > Spinal Anatomy > Flashcards

Spinal Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

The ectoderm gives rise to what

A

all neurons and supporting cells

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2
Q

The notochord induces the ectoderm to do what

A

form the neuroectoderm (remnant IVD as “nucleus pulposus”)

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3
Q

The ectoderm forms what

A

forms neural plate (“neuroectoderm”)

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4
Q

The neural plate, which is formed by the ectoderm, forms neural groove which houses what

A

Spinal cord and Brain vesicles

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5
Q

What does the Neural Crest develop into? (good luck….11)

A 
Brachial arches
Pns
Schwann cells, Pia and arachnoid meninges 
Sacral parasympathetics  
Spinal (sensory) and autonomic ganglia 
Mesencephalic nucleus of V
Melanocytes
Bones and Connective tissue of head
DRG
Ganglia of CN V, VII, IX, X
Adrenal gland medulla (AKA suprarenal)
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6
Q 
Neural plate (brain cells) develop into what
(MoaNER)
A 
Macroglia
   Oligodendrocytes 
   Astrocytes
Neurons of CNS
Ependymal cells
Retinal cells
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7
Q

The Endoderm epithelium forms the lining of what

A

the digestive tube and its associates structures

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8
Q

The divisions foregut/midgut forms the what

A

Liver and pancreatic buds (Gem)

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9
Q

What are the component of the primitive gut

A

Foregut
midgut
hindgut
allantois

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10
Q

what are the components of the foregut (face and neck)?

A

glands buccal cavity, esophagus, stomach, pharyngeal pouches and pharynx

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11
Q

What are the components of the midgut (mid section)?

A

Duodenum, jejunum, appendix, part of the transverse colon

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12
Q

what are the components of the hindgut (ass area)

A

part transverse, sigmoid and descending colon, rectum and upper anal canal

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13
Q

what are the components of the Allantois (PeePee area)

A

urinary bladder, vaina, urethra, prostate and urethral glands

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14
Q

What cells form the Sclerotome?

A

Somite cells

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15
Q

what does the Sclerotome differentiate into

A

vertebral column (cartilage and bone) and it also forms the Myotome (muscle) and the Dermatome (skin)

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16
Q

what are the cervical dermatomes

A 
C1-none
C2-scalp
C3-nape of neck
C4-shoulder
C5-delt
C6-lateral forearm to thumb
C7- digits 2,3 and half of 4
C8- half of digit 4 and the medial forearm
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17
Q

What are the Thoracic dermatome levels (fill in missing)

A 
T1-medial elbow
T2-axilla
T4-nipple
T7-xiphoid 
T10-umbilicus 
T12-superior to the inguinal ligament
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18
Q

what are the lumbar dermatomes

A 
L1-inguinal ligament to the superior thigh
L2-middle thigh
L3-crosses knee
L4-medial nee to floor
L5-top of foot and side of leg
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19
Q

what are the sacral dermatomes

A

S1-bottom of foot, baby toe and calf
S2- posterior thigh
S3- Big ring around anus
S4-anus

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20
Q

The foramen ovale becomes what in adults

A

fossa ovalis

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21
Q

the Ductus arteriosus becomes what in adults

A

ligamentum arteriosum

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22
Q

the Ductus venosus becomes what in adults

A

ligamentum venosum

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23
Q

what does the umbilical vein become

A

the ligamentum teres (round ligament)

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24
Q

what does the umbilical arteries become

A

the medial umbilical ligaments

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25
Q

what does the urachus become

A

remnant of the duct of allantois

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26
Q

the fossa ovalis is between what

A

intraatrial septum

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27
Q

what does the ligamentum arteriosum bypass

A

lung pulmonary trunk to arch of aorta

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28
Q

what does the ligamentum venosum bypass

A

sinusoids of getal liver

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29
Q

Simple squamous cells help with filtration and diffusion and are found where

A

capillaries, alveoli, glomeruli

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30
Q

Cilliated pseudostratifies columnar cells are used in lining things and are found where

A

trachea and upper respiratory tract

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31
Q

ciliated epithelium tend to circulate, move sweep/clean areas of the body and are found where

A

brain vesicles, oviduct, lung

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32
Q

Non-ciliates pseudostratified columnar cells are used as membranes and can be found where

A

vas deferens

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33
Q

The mandibular branch of V (V3) is associated with what brachial arch, skeletal structures and muscles

A

Brachial arch 1
Skeletal- Malleus (meckel’s cart.) and Incus (quadrate cart.)
Muscles of mastication and jaw-closing muscles

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34
Q

The facial nerve is associated with what brachial arch, skeletal structures and muscles

A

BA- 2
SS- stapes and styloid
M- of facial expression and jaw opening muscles (stylohyoid and stapedius)

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35
Q

the Glossopharyngeal nerve is associated with which brachial arch, skeletal structures and muscles

A

BA-3
SS- cornu, hyoid
M- stylopharyngeus

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36
Q

what brachial arch, skeletal structures and muscles are associated with the Superior laryngeal nerve of the vagus nerve

A

BA-4
SS- thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage
M- pharyngeal, cricothyroid and levator palatine

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37
Q

the inferior laryngeal of the vagus nerve is associated with what brachial arch, skeletal structures and Muscles

A

BA-6
SS- Arytenoid, Corniculate cartilage, Cuneiform cartilage
M- laryngeal

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38
Q

what is unique about the Stapedius muscle

A

it is the smallest muscle

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39
Q

what is unique about the Sartorius muscle

A

it is the longest muscle

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40
Q

Glioblasts are what

A

“glue,” gives rise to astrocytes and oligodendrocytes

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41
Q

Astrocytes are what

A

the most numerous cell of the CNS, they act like connective tissue, part of the BBB and forms “scar-like” tissue in injury

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42
Q

Oligodendrocytes are what

A

quite numerous (less than astrocytes) and form Myelin around CNS

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43
Q

Ependymal cells are ciliated and do what

A

Line the CNS and makes “leaky” barrier between CSF & CNS

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44
Q

Microglia are also known as

A

Gitterzellen cells

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45
Q

microglia are what in the brain

A

they are the phagocytes (macrophages) of the CNS

not many of them

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46
Q

Neuroblasts make what

A

Neurons

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47
Q

Internuncial neurons within the CNS are what

A

Connectors within the CNS

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48
Q

Internuncial commissural cells of the CNS are between what

A

two hemispheres

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49
Q

Internuncial Associated neurons in the CNS are between what

A

different parts of the same hemisphere

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50
Q

internuncial projection neurons are between what

A

LOWER centers to cerebral cortex

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51
Q

The CNS consists of what

A

Brain and Spinal cord

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52
Q

what is the MC cell type in the CNS

A

Multipolar cells

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53
Q

what type of matter is the CNS

A

Gray and White Matter

macroglia

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54
Q

what is the gray matter in the cns

A

cell bodies and dendrites

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55
Q

what is white matter in the cns

A

myelinated axons

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56
Q

Macroglia in the CNS is composed of what

A

Astrocytes and Oligodendrocytes

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57
Q

Astrocytes are found in the BBB and help with what

A

active transport for glucose and filters

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58
Q

Oligodendrocytes do what

A

myelinate Axons in the CNS

59
Q

Ductus arteriousus becomes what

A

ligamentum arteriosum

60
Q

umbilical vein become what

A

ligamentum teres

61
Q

the urachus is a remnant of what

A

duct of allantois

62
Q

the umbilical arteries becomes what

A

medial umbilical

63
Q

Ventricles are direct extensions of what

A

Spinal cord

64
Q

the prosencephalon is a primary structure of the brain and differentiates into what two secondary structures

A

Telencephalon and diencephalon

65
Q

the telencephalon contains what structures and is associated with which CN

A

Forebrain (higher structures)

CN I

66
Q

the Diencephalon contains what structures and is associated with which CN(s)

A

Thalamus, hypothal, pineal gland, retina, mammillary bodies and posterior pit
CN II

67
Q

the telencephalon is associates with which neural canal region

A

lateral ventricles separated by septum pellucidum

68
Q

the diencephalon is associated with which neural canal regions

A

foramen of Monroe (aka inteerventric foramen) 1&2 to the 3rd ventricle

69
Q

the mesencephalon will differentiate into what

A

it doesnt it stays the mesencephalon

70
Q

what are the structures of the mesencephalon and is associated with which CN(s)

A

midbrain

NS III, IV

71
Q

what is the neural canal regions of the mesencephalon

A

cerebral aqueduct of sylvius

72
Q

the Rhombencephalon will differentiate into what secondary structures

A

Metencephalon and myelencephalon

73
Q

the Rhombencephalon contains what structures of the brain and is associated with what CN(s)

A

Pons and Cerebellum & CNs V, VI, VII, VIII (Metencephalon)

Medulla Oblongata & CNs Ix, X, XI, XII (Myelencephalon)

74
Q

What neural canal regions are associated with the Metencephalon and Myelencephalon of the Rhombencephalon

A

4th Ventricle

75
Q

the circle of willis is full of Arterial what

A

Anastomosis

76
Q

the circle of willis is a blood supply communication between what

A

forebrain and hindbrain

77
Q

the circle of willis is anatomically around what

A

the pituitary gland and optic chiasm

78
Q

What arteries supply the circle of willis

A

internal carotid and vertebral arteries

79
Q

what arteries make up the circle of the circle of willis

A

Ant. and Post. cerebral and Ant. and Post. communicating

80
Q

The Middle Cerebral artery is the MC place for what to occur

A

Cerebral vascular accident (CVA)

81
Q

which artery of the circle of willis carries the most blood

A

middle cerebral artery

82
Q

Anteromedial longitudinal artery trunk (AMLAT) is also known as what and how many branches does it send to the ventral aspect of the cord

A

Anterior spinal artery and sends 200 branches to the ventral aspect of the cord

83
Q

Posterolateral longitudinal artery trunk (PLLAT) is also known as what and sends branches where to provide blood

A

posterior spinal artery and sends branches to provide blood to posterior roots of spinal cord

84
Q

Cerebral cortex is also known as what and is developed from what

A

Pallium and developed from neural plate

85
Q

The neocortex is what percent of the cerebral cortex

A

90% Also known as isocortex

86
Q

what percent of the cerebral cortex is the Allocortex

87
Q

how many cerebral cortex laminae are there in the neocortex

A

6 (mostly synaptic activity)

88
Q

the Diencephalon is mostly formed by what

89
Q

the diencephalon is mostly a relay for what and what does it do

A

the cortex and it processes sensory info, sleep, consciousness and motor relay

90
Q

The basal ganglia is responsible for what

A

postural adjustments, steadying voluntary movements, enkephalins

91
Q

Striatal lesions of the basal ganglia will cause what

A

tremors (Parkinson’s, Huntington’s chorea, ballism)

92
Q

the Basal ganglia includes what three things

A

corpus striatum
amygdaloid nucleus
claustrum

93
Q

the telencephalon nuclei include what

A

Caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, and basal ganglia

94
Q

the mesencephalon nuclei include what

A

substantia nigra

subthalamic nuclei

95
Q

the corpus striatum (striate body) include what

A

head of the caudate and putamen

96
Q

the lentiform nucleus includes what

A

Globus pallidus (medial) and Putamen (lateral)

97
Q

what structures make up the brainstem

A

medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain

98
Q

the brainstem is a conduit for what

A

ascending and descending tracts

99
Q

the brainstem contains reflex centers for what

A

associated with respiration, CV and consciousness

100
Q

what important nuclei are held within the brainstem

A

CN III-XII

101
Q

list the meninges from the outside in

A

Pia, Arachnoid, Dura mater (PAD)

102
Q

the epidural space is filled with what

A

fat and veins

103
Q

the subarachnoid space is found where

A

between the arachnoid and pia

104
Q

the ependymal cells are where

A

the innermost layer of the neural tube

105
Q

what produces CSF

A

Choroid plexus

106
Q

the arachnoid granulations reabsorb what

A

Cerebral spinal fluid

107
Q

what is the approximate volume of CSF in the VENTRICLES

108
Q

Atrophy or damage of the basal ganglia can produce what

A

chorea (quick movements)

109
Q

Parkinsonism is due to neuronal what

A

neuronal degeneration of the substantia nigra (Lewy Bodies)

110
Q

how many pairs of Spinal nerves are there

111
Q

What does Bell-Magendi’s law state

A

Dorsal roots-sensory (afferent fibers)

Ventral roots-motor (Efferent fibers)

112
Q

the spinal cord terminates where

A

at L1/L2

MC L1

113
Q

what is the end of the spinal cord called

A

conus medullaris

114
Q

what is the term used for the spinal cord when the roots of the lumbar, sacral and coccygeal nerves run down through the lumbar cistern

A

Cauda equina (horses tail)

115
Q

where is the roof of the tectum and the peduncles

A

the midbrain

116
Q

the cerebral aqueduct of sylvius does what

A

exchanges CSF exchange between the 3rd and 4th ventricle

117
Q

the cerebral peduncles contains what structures

A

tegmentum, substancia nigra, crus cerebri and CN III & IV

118
Q

the substantia nigra is a black color in the midbrain and produces what

A

dopamine from tyrosine and melanin (causes black color) is a byproduct

119
Q

Crus Cerebri is part of what

A

Cerebral peduncle

120
Q

the Crus Cerebri contains what fibers

A

corticospinal
corticopontine
corticobulbar
and corticomesencephalic

121
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum

A

integration of “Momentary” static muscle contraction, joint tension, visual and auditory input regarding equilibrium

122
Q

where is the Vermis of the cerebellum

123
Q

where is the paleocerebellum and what does it do

A

Anterior, General muscle tone

124
Q

where is the Neocerebellum and what does it do

A

Posterior

Coordinate skilled movements

125
Q

what is the function of the Archicerebellum (flocculonodular)

A

Equilibrium

126
Q

what is the AKA for the white matter of the cerebellum

A

corpus medullare

127
Q

What is in the white matter of the of the cerebellum

A

afferent, efferent, commissural and association fibers

128
Q

What are the gray matter neuron cell types of the cerebellum

A

PURKINJE (big one)

Golgi II, stellate, basket, granular

129
Q

what is the blood supply to there cerebellum

A

branches of vertebral and basilar arteries

130
Q

what are the cerebellar nuclei (Medial to lateral)

Flowers Grow Every Day

A

Fastigial
Globus
Emboliform
Dentate

131
Q

where is deiters’s nuclei

A

lateral vestibular

132
Q

Meynert’s nuclei is in the forebrain and has what neurotransmitter

133
Q

Raphe nuclei is found where and has what chemical

A

MO and serotonin

134
Q

Lenticular nuclei is part of what

A

corpus striatum

135
Q

What is the function of the Thalamus

A

crude sensation and integrations

136
Q

What is the thalamus known as?

A

Relay center

137
Q

what is the function of the cortex

A

conscious interpretation and movement

138
Q

What is the Main pathway between the thalamus and the cotex

A

through internal capsule and the corona radiata

139
Q

The PostCentral gyrus is the primary what

A

sensory cotex

140
Q

the PreCentral gyrus is primarily what

A

motor cortex

141
Q

What happens with an Upper Motor Neuron Lesion

A 
Increase in (Path Reflexes, muscle tone, spasticity, hypertrophy, clonus and DTR)
Decrease in Superficial reflexes (Bilateral)
142
Q

An increase in in Path reflexes due to an UMNL is known as what sign

A

Babinski sign

143
Q

What is seen in a Lower Motor Neuron Lesion

A

No Path Reflexes
Decrease in (Muscle tone, DTR and superficial reflexes (unilateral))
flaccidity, atrophy and fasciculations

144
Q

what does clonus mean

A

after a stimulus is removed there is still contraction

NBS REVIEW (8 decks)

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