Spinal Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
The ectoderm gives rise to what
A
all neurons and supporting cells
2
Q
The notochord induces the ectoderm to do what
A
form the neuroectoderm (remnant IVD as “nucleus pulposus”)
3
Q
The ectoderm forms what
A
forms neural plate (“neuroectoderm”)
4
Q
The neural plate, which is formed by the ectoderm, forms neural groove which houses what
A
Spinal cord and Brain vesicles
5
Q
What does the Neural Crest develop into? (good luck….11)
A
Brachial arches Pns Schwann cells, Pia and arachnoid meninges Sacral parasympathetics Spinal (sensory) and autonomic ganglia Mesencephalic nucleus of V Melanocytes Bones and Connective tissue of head DRG Ganglia of CN V, VII, IX, X Adrenal gland medulla (AKA suprarenal)
6
Q
Neural plate (brain cells) develop into what (MoaNER)
A
Macroglia Oligodendrocytes Astrocytes Neurons of CNS Ependymal cells Retinal cells
7
Q
The Endoderm epithelium forms the lining of what
A
the digestive tube and its associates structures
8
Q
The divisions foregut/midgut forms the what
A
Liver and pancreatic buds (Gem)
9
Q
What are the component of the primitive gut
A
Foregut
midgut
hindgut
allantois
10
Q
what are the components of the foregut (face and neck)?
A
glands buccal cavity, esophagus, stomach, pharyngeal pouches and pharynx
11
Q
What are the components of the midgut (mid section)?
A
Duodenum, jejunum, appendix, part of the transverse colon
12
Q
what are the components of the hindgut (ass area)
A
part transverse, sigmoid and descending colon, rectum and upper anal canal
13
Q
what are the components of the Allantois (PeePee area)
A
urinary bladder, vaina, urethra, prostate and urethral glands
14
Q
What cells form the Sclerotome?
A
Somite cells
15
Q
what does the Sclerotome differentiate into
A
vertebral column (cartilage and bone) and it also forms the Myotome (muscle) and the Dermatome (skin)
16
Q
what are the cervical dermatomes
A
C1-none C2-scalp C3-nape of neck C4-shoulder C5-delt C6-lateral forearm to thumb C7- digits 2,3 and half of 4 C8- half of digit 4 and the medial forearm
17
Q
What are the Thoracic dermatome levels (fill in missing)
A
T1-medial elbow T2-axilla T4-nipple T7-xiphoid T10-umbilicus T12-superior to the inguinal ligament
18
Q
what are the lumbar dermatomes
A
L1-inguinal ligament to the superior thigh L2-middle thigh L3-crosses knee L4-medial nee to floor L5-top of foot and side of leg
19
Q
what are the sacral dermatomes
A
S1-bottom of foot, baby toe and calf
S2- posterior thigh
S3- Big ring around anus
S4-anus
20
Q
The foramen ovale becomes what in adults
A
fossa ovalis
21
Q
the Ductus arteriosus becomes what in adults
A
ligamentum arteriosum
22
Q
the Ductus venosus becomes what in adults
A
ligamentum venosum
23
Q
what does the umbilical vein become
A
the ligamentum teres (round ligament)
24
Q
what does the umbilical arteries become
A
the medial umbilical ligaments
25
what does the urachus become
remnant of the duct of allantois
26
the fossa ovalis is between what
intraatrial septum
27
what does the ligamentum arteriosum bypass
lung pulmonary trunk to arch of aorta
28
what does the ligamentum venosum bypass
sinusoids of getal liver
29
Simple squamous cells help with filtration and diffusion and are found where
capillaries, alveoli, glomeruli
30
Cilliated pseudostratifies columnar cells are used in lining things and are found where
trachea and upper respiratory tract
31
ciliated epithelium tend to circulate, move sweep/clean areas of the body and are found where
brain vesicles, oviduct, lung
32
Non-ciliates pseudostratified columnar cells are used as membranes and can be found where
vas deferens
33
The mandibular branch of V (V3) is associated with what brachial arch, skeletal structures and muscles
Brachial arch 1
Skeletal- Malleus (meckel's cart.) and Incus (quadrate cart.)
Muscles of mastication and jaw-closing muscles
34
The facial nerve is associated with what brachial arch, skeletal structures and muscles
BA- 2
SS- stapes and styloid
M- of facial expression and jaw opening muscles (stylohyoid and stapedius)
35
the Glossopharyngeal nerve is associated with which brachial arch, skeletal structures and muscles
BA-3
SS- cornu, hyoid
M- stylopharyngeus
36
what brachial arch, skeletal structures and muscles are associated with the Superior laryngeal nerve of the vagus nerve
BA-4
SS- thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage
M- pharyngeal, cricothyroid and levator palatine
37
the inferior laryngeal of the vagus nerve is associated with what brachial arch, skeletal structures and Muscles
BA-6
SS- Arytenoid, Corniculate cartilage, Cuneiform cartilage
M- laryngeal
38
what is unique about the Stapedius muscle
it is the smallest muscle
39
what is unique about the Sartorius muscle
it is the longest muscle
40
Glioblasts are what
"glue," gives rise to astrocytes and oligodendrocytes
41
Astrocytes are what
the most numerous cell of the CNS, they act like connective tissue, part of the BBB and forms "scar-like" tissue in injury
42
Oligodendrocytes are what
quite numerous (less than astrocytes) and form Myelin around CNS
43
Ependymal cells are ciliated and do what
Line the CNS and makes "leaky" barrier between CSF & CNS
44
Microglia are also known as
Gitterzellen cells
45
microglia are what in the brain
they are the phagocytes (macrophages) of the CNS
| not many of them
46
Neuroblasts make what
Neurons
47
Internuncial neurons within the CNS are what
Connectors within the CNS
48
Internuncial commissural cells of the CNS are between what
two hemispheres
49
Internuncial Associated neurons in the CNS are between what
different parts of the same hemisphere
50
internuncial projection neurons are between what
LOWER centers to cerebral cortex
51
The CNS consists of what
Brain and Spinal cord
52
what is the MC cell type in the CNS
Multipolar cells
53
what type of matter is the CNS
Gray and White Matter
| macroglia
54
what is the gray matter in the cns
cell bodies and dendrites
55
what is white matter in the cns
myelinated axons
56
Macroglia in the CNS is composed of what
Astrocytes and Oligodendrocytes
57
Astrocytes are found in the BBB and help with what
active transport for glucose and filters
58
Oligodendrocytes do what
myelinate Axons in the CNS
59
Ductus arteriousus becomes what
ligamentum arteriosum
60
umbilical vein become what
ligamentum teres
61
the urachus is a remnant of what
duct of allantois
62
the umbilical arteries becomes what
medial umbilical
63
Ventricles are direct extensions of what
Spinal cord
64
the prosencephalon is a primary structure of the brain and differentiates into what two secondary structures
Telencephalon and diencephalon
65
the telencephalon contains what structures and is associated with which CN
Forebrain (higher structures)
| CN I
66
the Diencephalon contains what structures and is associated with which CN(s)
Thalamus, hypothal, pineal gland, retina, mammillary bodies and posterior pit
CN II
67
the telencephalon is associates with which neural canal region
lateral ventricles separated by septum pellucidum
68
the diencephalon is associated with which neural canal regions
foramen of Monroe (aka inteerventric foramen) 1&2 to the 3rd ventricle
69
the mesencephalon will differentiate into what
it doesnt it stays the mesencephalon
70
what are the structures of the mesencephalon and is associated with which CN(s)
midbrain
| NS III, IV
71
what is the neural canal regions of the mesencephalon
cerebral aqueduct of sylvius
72
the Rhombencephalon will differentiate into what secondary structures
Metencephalon and myelencephalon
73
the Rhombencephalon contains what structures of the brain and is associated with what CN(s)
Pons and Cerebellum & CNs V, VI, VII, VIII (Metencephalon)
| Medulla Oblongata & CNs Ix, X, XI, XII (Myelencephalon)
74
What neural canal regions are associated with the Metencephalon and Myelencephalon of the Rhombencephalon
4th Ventricle
75
the circle of willis is full of Arterial what
Anastomosis
76
the circle of willis is a blood supply communication between what
forebrain and hindbrain
77
the circle of willis is anatomically around what
the pituitary gland and optic chiasm
78
What arteries supply the circle of willis
internal carotid and vertebral arteries
79
what arteries make up the circle of the circle of willis
Ant. and Post. cerebral and Ant. and Post. communicating
80
The Middle Cerebral artery is the MC place for what to occur
Cerebral vascular accident (CVA)
81
which artery of the circle of willis carries the most blood
middle cerebral artery
82
Anteromedial longitudinal artery trunk (AMLAT) is also known as what and how many branches does it send to the ventral aspect of the cord
Anterior spinal artery and sends 200 branches to the ventral aspect of the cord
83
Posterolateral longitudinal artery trunk (PLLAT) is also known as what and sends branches where to provide blood
posterior spinal artery and sends branches to provide blood to posterior roots of spinal cord
84
Cerebral cortex is also known as what and is developed from what
Pallium and developed from neural plate
85
The neocortex is what percent of the cerebral cortex
90% Also known as isocortex
86
what percent of the cerebral cortex is the Allocortex
10%
87
how many cerebral cortex laminae are there in the neocortex
6 (mostly synaptic activity)
88
the Diencephalon is mostly formed by what
thalamus
89
the diencephalon is mostly a relay for what and what does it do
the cortex and it processes sensory info, sleep, consciousness and motor relay
90
The basal ganglia is responsible for what
postural adjustments, steadying voluntary movements, enkephalins
91
Striatal lesions of the basal ganglia will cause what
tremors (Parkinson's, Huntington's chorea, ballism)
92
the Basal ganglia includes what three things
corpus striatum
amygdaloid nucleus
claustrum
93
the telencephalon nuclei include what
Caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, and basal ganglia
94
the mesencephalon nuclei include what
substantia nigra
| subthalamic nuclei
95
the corpus striatum (striate body) include what
head of the caudate and putamen
96
the lentiform nucleus includes what
Globus pallidus (medial) and Putamen (lateral)
97
what structures make up the brainstem
medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain
98
the brainstem is a conduit for what
ascending and descending tracts
99
the brainstem contains reflex centers for what
associated with respiration, CV and consciousness
100
what important nuclei are held within the brainstem
CN III-XII
101
list the meninges from the outside in
Pia, Arachnoid, Dura mater (PAD)
102
the epidural space is filled with what
fat and veins
103
the subarachnoid space is found where
between the arachnoid and pia
104
the ependymal cells are where
the innermost layer of the neural tube
105
what produces CSF
Choroid plexus
106
the arachnoid granulations reabsorb what
Cerebral spinal fluid
107
what is the approximate volume of CSF in the VENTRICLES
25ml
108
Atrophy or damage of the basal ganglia can produce what
chorea (quick movements)
109
Parkinsonism is due to neuronal what
neuronal degeneration of the substantia nigra (Lewy Bodies)
110
how many pairs of Spinal nerves are there
31
111
What does Bell-Magendi's law state
Dorsal roots-sensory (afferent fibers)
| Ventral roots-motor (Efferent fibers)
112
the spinal cord terminates where
at L1/L2
| MC L1
113
what is the end of the spinal cord called
conus medullaris
114
what is the term used for the spinal cord when the roots of the lumbar, sacral and coccygeal nerves run down through the lumbar cistern
Cauda equina (horses tail)
115
where is the roof of the tectum and the peduncles
the midbrain
116
the cerebral aqueduct of sylvius does what
exchanges CSF exchange between the 3rd and 4th ventricle
117
the cerebral peduncles contains what structures
tegmentum, substancia nigra, crus cerebri and CN III & IV
118
the substantia nigra is a black color in the midbrain and produces what
dopamine from tyrosine and melanin (causes black color) is a byproduct
119
Crus Cerebri is part of what
Cerebral peduncle
120
the Crus Cerebri contains what fibers
corticospinal
corticopontine
corticobulbar
and corticomesencephalic
121
What is the function of the cerebellum
integration of "Momentary" static muscle contraction, joint tension, visual and auditory input regarding equilibrium
122
where is the Vermis of the cerebellum
medial
123
where is the paleocerebellum and what does it do
Anterior, General muscle tone
124
where is the Neocerebellum and what does it do
Posterior
| Coordinate skilled movements
125
what is the function of the Archicerebellum (flocculonodular)
Equilibrium
126
what is the AKA for the white matter of the cerebellum
corpus medullare
127
What is in the white matter of the of the cerebellum
afferent, efferent, commissural and association fibers
128
What are the gray matter neuron cell types of the cerebellum
PURKINJE (big one)
| Golgi II, stellate, basket, granular
129
what is the blood supply to there cerebellum
branches of vertebral and basilar arteries
130
what are the cerebellar nuclei (Medial to lateral)
| Flowers Grow Every Day
Fastigial
Globus
Emboliform
Dentate
131
where is deiters's nuclei
lateral vestibular
132
Meynert's nuclei is in the forebrain and has what neurotransmitter
ACH
133
Raphe nuclei is found where and has what chemical
MO and serotonin
134
Lenticular nuclei is part of what
corpus striatum
135
What is the function of the Thalamus
crude sensation and integrations
136
What is the thalamus known as?
Relay center
137
what is the function of the cortex
conscious interpretation and movement
138
What is the Main pathway between the thalamus and the cotex
through internal capsule and the corona radiata
139
The PostCentral gyrus is the primary what
sensory cotex
140
the PreCentral gyrus is primarily what
motor cortex
141
What happens with an Upper Motor Neuron Lesion
```
Increase in (Path Reflexes, muscle tone, spasticity, hypertrophy, clonus and DTR)
Decrease in Superficial reflexes (Bilateral)
```
142
An increase in in Path reflexes due to an UMNL is known as what sign
Babinski sign
143
What is seen in a Lower Motor Neuron Lesion
No Path Reflexes
Decrease in (Muscle tone, DTR and superficial reflexes (unilateral))
flaccidity, atrophy and fasciculations
144
what does clonus mean
after a stimulus is removed there is still contraction
