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Disease, Diagnostics and Therapeutics > Spina Bifida > Flashcards

Spina Bifida Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of sensory neurones

A

carry information from the brain to the other parts of the body.

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2
Q

What is the neurotransmitter for the somatic nervous system

A

• Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter, and is released from the terminal bouton

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3
Q

Give 2 functions of the parasympathetic division

A
  • constricts pupils
  • saliva production
  • constricts bronchi
  • slows heart rate
  • stimulates GI function
  • stimulates urination
  • increases sexual arousal
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4
Q

Do each relax or contract?

B1 Heart
B2 Bronchi and Bladder
B3 Bladder
A1 Smooth Muscle Sphincter

A

B1 Heart Relaxes
B2 Bronchi and Bladder Relaxes
B3 Bladder Relaxes
A1 Smooth Muscle Sphincter Contracts

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5
Q

common symptoms of spina bifida

A

urinary/faecal incontinence

muscle weakness

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6
Q

How do anticholinergics affect incontinence

A

Block the action of Ach so over-reactive bladder contractions do not occur

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7
Q

What are spinal nerves linked to

A

specific muscles

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8
Q

Example receptors for Gs

A

B adrenoreceptors e.g. β1, 2 and 3

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9
Q

For urination, which nerves does the sympathetic signal travel down

A

Nerves T11- L2

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10
Q

What is a dermatome chart

A

maps areas of skin that relate to particular spinal nerves

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11
Q

What does the front horn contain

A

Motor nerve cells

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12
Q

What neurotransmitter is released from the post-ganglionic terminal bouton (PNS)

A

Ach

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13
Q

Give 3 ideal characteristics of a biomarker

A 
o	Fluctuate with the disease/intervention
o	Easily obtainable and endogenous
o	Cost effective to obtain 
o	Quick and easy to test 
o	Reproducible
o	Sensitive
o	Specific 
o	Consistent across population 
o	Concentration correlates with diseases
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14
Q

What is the function of motor neurones

A

carry commands from the brain and spinal cord to other parts of the body, particularly to skeletal muscle.

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15
Q

Example receptors for Gi

A

Muscarinic AchR

M2 and α2

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16
Q

How is CSF formed

A

the filtration and secretion from networks of capillaries and ependymal cells in the ventricles and central canal

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17
Q

Describe sensory nerves/neurones

A

deliver information from muscles/joints to spinal cord about body position

transmit sensations such as temperature, pressure, pain and touch from skin’s surface

information enters spinal cord via grey posterior horn

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18
Q

What are the three section of the spinal cord

A

grey matter
front horn
back horn

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19
Q

What type of preganglionic neuron does the PNS have

A

1 long from CNS

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20
Q

2 types of spinal nerves

A

sensory

motor

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21
Q

How does the G protein ensure the signal can be controlled, and does not continually fire

A

the G-protein contains an intrinsic GTPase enzyme, which converts the GTP product back into GDP

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22
Q

Which section of the sarcomere contains both actin and myosin

A

A band

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23
Q

What is the subunit of Go

A

βγ

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24
Q

Explain the steps in skeletal muscle excitation-contraction coupling

A
  1. Action potentials travel through the axon terminal and eventually reaches the synaptic terminal
  2. The depolarization of the synaptic terminal from the action potential induces opening of the Ca2+ voltage gated channels
  3. Exocytosis of synaptic vesicles containing acetylcholine (ACh) and Ach binds with ligand gated ion channel coupled receptors
  4. This allows the opening of the channel which in turn cause the flux of Na+ ions inside the muscle fibre
  5. Accumulation of Na+ within the cell = depolarization of the membrane = End plate potential
  6. The action potential spreads throughout the T tubules of the muscle fibre
  7. Depolarization promotes activation of the Ca2+ voltage gated channels located on the plasma membrane and in the T tubules
  8. Opening of the Ca2+ channels causes influx of Ca2+ ions inside the cell
  9. Increases in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration open Ca2+ voltage gated channels of the SR near the T tubules allowing even greater increase of intracellular Ca2
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25
Q

What neurotransmitter is released from the post-ganglionic terminal bouton (sympathetic NS)

A

noradrenaline

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26
Q

What type of neuron does the somatic NS have

A

1 efferent neuron from the CNS to the target organ

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27
Q

Define myotome

A

a group of muscles a single nerve innervates

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28
Q

True or false:

Sympathetic nervous system has
• 1 short preganglionic neuron from the CNS
• Ach released from the pre-g terminal bouton
• Post ganglionic neuron has a nicotinic receptor

A

True

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29
Q

How does the sympathetic pathway effect micturition

A

causes the upper portion (detrusor muscle) relax and bladder neck to contract, to store urine

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30
Q

What does the back horn contain

A

Sensory nerve cells

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31
Q

What is the function of Gq

A

Activates PLC which ↑IP3. DAG + Ca2+=PKC activation

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32
Q

What is the receptor on the target organ for the somatic NS

A

• A nicotinic/ionotropic Ach receptor is found on the target organ

33
Q

The external sphincter is under voluntary control from which NS

A

Somatic

34
Q

What do the lumbar and sacral spinal nerves control

A

supply hip, leg, foot muscles

sacral nerves supply anal/urethral sphincters

35
Q

What are the functions of CSF

A

protects the brain and CNS from injury by acting as a shock absorber, and buoys the brain in the cranial cavity.

It also has a circulatory function where it delivers nutritive substances filtered from blood to the brain and spinal cord, and removes waste and toxic substances produced by the brain and spinal cord cells.

36
Q

What type of enzyme inhibits kinases

A

phosphatases

37
Q

What is the function of Gi

A

↓CAMP via adenylate cyclase

38
Q

Example receptors for Go

A

Opioids

39
Q

What is the function of Go

A

Activates K+ channels and Inhibits Ca2+ channels

40
Q

In the sarcomere, the A band is light/dark

A

dark

41
Q

What do the thoracic spinal nerves control

A

supply truck muscles and muscles involved with breathing

intercostal and abdominal muscles

42
Q

Which the the key muscle for micturition

A

Detrusor muscle

43
Q

when does spina bifida occur

A

when the neural tube fails to close during the first month of embryonic development

spinal cord and meningeal membranes protrude

44
Q

In the sarcomere, the I band is light/dark

A

light

45
Q

Which diagnostic procedure analyses CSF

A

Lumbar puncture

46
Q

Are M2 Gαi or Gαq

A

Gαi

47
Q

For urination, which nerves does the parasympathetic signal travel down

A

Nerves S2, 3 and 4

48
Q

Describe motor nerves/neurones

A

pass info from brain to skeletal muscles through spinal tracts
direct precise voluntary movements

49
Q

Explain the steps in the actin and myosin complex- leading to powerstroke

A
  1. ADP + Pi bound to myosin head
  2. Ca2+ binds to TnC
  3. Conformational change in thin filament
  4. TnI inhibitory region released from actin and Tm moves, so filament switched on
  5. Myosin cross bridges form (bind to actin)
  6. Power Stroke
  7. ADP + Pi released
  8. Myosin-ATPase binds ATP
  9. Detach from actin
  10. ATP hydrolysed
  11. Myosin head ‘cocks’
50
Q

Define motor unit

A

group of muscle fibres and single motoneuron

51
Q

What is the function on Gs

A

↑CAMP via adenylate cyclase

52
Q

Which band disappears when the muscle contracts

A

I band

53
Q

Sympathetic nervous system is always…

A

Adrenergic

54
Q

The autonomic nervous system is divided into what two branches

A

parasympathetic and sympathetic

55
Q

What does the sodium influx caused because of the Ach binding to the nicotinic receptors generate

A

Mini-endplate potential

56
Q

What is the subunit for Gs and Gi

A

α

57
Q

Why is the H band lighter than the A band

A

presence of myosin

58
Q

What type of post-ganglionic neuron does the PNS have

A

1 short

59
Q

How many pairs of vertebrae protect the spinal cord

A

23

60
Q

What are the 4 sections of the spine

A
  • Cervical (C1-C8)
  • Thoracic (T1-T12)
  • Lumbar (L1-L5)
  • Sacral (S1-S5)
61
Q

Are M3 Gαi or Gαq

A

Gαq

62
Q

What does CSF contain

A

proteins, glucose, urea and salts, as well as some lymphocytes

63
Q

Define dermatome

A

a group of muscles a single nerve innervates

64
Q

Define neuromuscular disease

A

 Due to disease or damage of somatic motor neurons, neuromuscular junctions, or muscle fibres

65
Q

Describe neural tube closing steps

A
  1. The neural plate is formed (thickening of the ectoderm) when the cells change shape and the edges curl in to the midline to form a tube
  2. The cells at the tip of the neural folds come to lie between the neural tube and epidermis
  3. These cells become the neural crest cells
66
Q

How can botox affect incontinence

A

Botox blocks the actions of Ach and paralyses the bladder muscle to reduce over-reactive bladder symptoms

67
Q

Where can CSF move between

A

brain and spinal cord via the sub-arachnoid space and through the ventricles of the brain

68
Q

How does the parasympathetic pathway effect micturition

A

Causes the upper part (detrusor muscle )of the bladder to contract, neck to relax assisting micturition

69
Q

What receptor is on the target organ of the PNS

A

Muscarinic Ach

70
Q

Do these relax or contract?

M2 Heart
M3 Smooth Muscle
Bladder Detrusor 
Airways
GI tract
A

M2- relax

M3- contract

71
Q

When the α is active, what happens to the β and Ƴ subunits

A

They diffuse away

72
Q

Give 2 functions of the sympathetic division

A
  • dilatespupils
  • inhibits saliva production
  • dilates bronchi
  • increases heart rate
  • inhibits GI function
  • inhibits urination
  • stimulates adrenaline/noradrenaline release
  • stimulates glucose release
73
Q

What length post-ganglionic neuron does the sympathetic NS have

A

Long

74
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there

A

31

75
Q

Example receptors for Gq

A

Muscarinic AchR
M3 and α1
mGluR

76
Q

What do the cervical spinal nerves control

A

supply muscles of the neck, shoulders, arms, hands and diaphragm
e.g. extending elbow/fingers

77
Q

How do M3 muscarinic agonists effect micturition

A

they keep the detrusor muscle relaxed and the internal sphincter closed.

78
Q

What happens after a mini-endplate potentail

A

This depolarises the sarcolemma and causes and end plate potential.

79
Q

True or False: Muscle fibres act in syncytium

A

True

Disease, Diagnostics and Therapeutics (14 decks)

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