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Medical Physiology > Spermatogenesis > Flashcards

Spermatogenesis Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What is Spermatogenesis?

A

The production of sperm in the testis.

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2
Q

What do the same hormones that regulate the female cycle drive?

A

Spermatogenesis.

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3
Q

What are the levels of hormones that drive the female cycle and spermatogenesis?

A

Different.

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4
Q

What does FSH stimulate?

A

The production of androgen binding protein (ABP) by Sertoli cells.
The formation of the blood-testis barrier.

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5
Q

Where does FSH help?

A

Concentrate testosterone in the testis.

Maintain the correct structures that are necessary for coordinated spermatogenesis.

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6
Q

Where does negative feedback occur in spermatogenesis?

A

At the level of the brain.

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7
Q

Why does negative feedback occur at the level of brain in spermatogenesis?

A

To regulate testosterone production.

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8
Q

Where does negative feedback at brain level in spermatogenesis occur?

A

Through the actions of testosterone and inhibin.

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9
Q

What does testosterone do in the negative feedback at brain level in spermatogenesis?

A

Inhibits GnRH + LH release.

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10
Q

What does inhibin do in the negative feedback of spermatogenesis at brain level?

A

Inhibits FSH release.

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11
Q

Of what is the male reproductive system composed?

A

Testis.
Accessory organs.
Connecting ducts.

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12
Q

What does the seminal vesicle produce?

A

Seminal fluid.

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13
Q

What does seminal fluid add?

A

Components =like fructose, citric acid and prostaglandins.

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14
Q

Why does seminal vesicle produce seminal fluid?

A

To ejaculate.

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15
Q

What are some of the components of seminal fluid, like fructose?

A

Useful to the sperm.

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16
Q

Why are the components of seminal fluid useful to the sperm?

A

For energy.

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17
Q

What do prostaglandins influence?

A

Sperm and female tract.

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18
Q

What do the secretions of the prostate include?

A

Proteolytic enzymes.
Prostatic acid phosphatase.
Fibrinolysin.

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19
Q

What do prostate secretions help?

A

Liquefy semen.

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20
Q

What are zinc and prostate-specific antigen?

A

Essential components.

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21
Q

What is the role of PSA?

A

Liquifying the gelatinous semen.

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22
Q

How does PSA liquify the gelatinous semen?

A

By breaking down a protein matrix.

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23
Q

How is protein matrix, that breaks down so PSA can liquify the gelatinous semen, called?

A

Semenogelin.

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24
Q

What does Semenogelin coat?

A

The sperm.

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25
Q

Why does the vas deference contract?

A

To help expel the sperm.

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26
Q

How does the vas deferens appear in the process of vasectomy?

A

Cut.

Tied.

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27
Q

Where is the longitudinal section of a testicle?

A

In the top LHS.

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28
Q

How are the seminiferous tubules shown in the longitudinal section of a testicle?

A

Tightly packed.

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29
Q

What are the seminiferous tubules?

A

The site of spermatogenesis.

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30
Q

Where do the sperm germ cells sit in the tubule TS?

A

Against the basement membrane.

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31
Q

By what are the sperm germ cells divide in the tubule TS?

A

Mitosis.

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32
Q

Why are the sperm germ cells divide by mitosis?

A

To produce one daughter cell.

Replace the divided cell and one cell that will undergo meiosis.

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33
Q

What will the cell that will undergo meiosis become?

A

4 Sperm cells.

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34
Q

Where does spermatogenesis occur?

A

Outward towards the lumen.

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35
Q

Why does spermatogenesis occur outward towards the lumen?

A

So the sperm can be taken to the site of storage in the epididymis.

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36
Q

With what is a tissue section stained?

A

A dye that binds to the DNA in the nucleus.

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37
Q

Of what is the tubule packed?

A

Cells.

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38
Q

What are the positions of the Leydig and Sertoli cells?

A

Important.

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39
Q

Where are the Leydig cells found?

A

Around between tubules.

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40
Q

Where can Leydig cells and testosterone diffuse?

A

Across the basement membrane.

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41
Q

Where are the Sertoli cells found?

A

Inside.

42
Q

What do the Sertoli cells form?

A

The blood-testis barrier.

43
Q

What does the blood-testis barrier protect?

A

The developing sperm.

44
Q

Where are the blood vessels found?

A

Outside the tubule.

45
Q

Where are the cellular connections found?

A

Between adjacent Sertoli cells from the blood-testes-barrier.

46
Q

Where are the germ cells/spermatogonia?

A

Beneath BTB on the basement membrane.

47
Q

Through where must a daughter cell pass?

A

The barrier.

48
Q

How does the daughter cell pass through the barrier?

A

In a controlled, regulated manner as the barrier must loosen.

49
Q

Where do the cell moves as meiosis proceeds?

A

Towards the lumen.

50
Q

What does one cell become as meiosis proceeds?

A

4.

51
Q

How do the 4 cells produced by one cell in meiosis remain?

A

Connected.

52
Q

By which factors do the 4 cells produced by one cell in meiosis remain connected?

A

Cytoplasmic bridges.

53
Q

Until when do the spermatids remain connected in meiosis?

A

Morphological changes give the cells its characteristic appearance.

54
Q

What is the characteristic appearance of a spermatid?

A

A long tail and elongated head.

55
Q

What happens to the excess cytoplasm and cellular components?

A

They get lost.

56
Q

Where do excess cytoplasm and cellular components lost?

A

In residual bodies.

57
Q

What can Sertoli cells do?

A

Phagocytose.

Destroy damaged sperm cells.

58
Q

How many sperms are produced per heart beat?

A

1000.

59
Q

How many days does a single wave of spermatogenesis take over in a man?

A

70 days.

60
Q

When do morphological and DNA changes occur?

A

During spermatogenesis.

61
Q

From where are spermatogonia that reside near the basement membrane derived?

A

Spermatogonia stem cells (SSC).

62
Q

Where do spermatogonia near the basement membrane, derived from spermatogonia stem cells enter?

A

Spermatogenesis.

63
Q

Into what types do spermatogonia near basement membrane, derived from spermatogonia stem cells, differentiate?

A

As cells.

64
Q

By what are spermatogonia that are differentiated into type As cells followed?

A

A1-A4.

Intermediate (In) spermatogonia.

65
Q

To what do type B spermatogonia transform?

A

Preleptotene spermatocytes.

66
Q

What are the preleptotene spermatocytes?

A

The germ cells that must be transported across the blood-testis barrier (BTB).

67
Q

What does BTB divide?

A

The seminiferous epithelium.

68
Q

Into what do BTB divide the seminiferous epithelium?

A

The ad luminal and the basal compartment.

69
Q

What does ad luminal mean?

A

Towards the lumen.

70
Q

As what are Meiosis 1 and 2 and all the cellular events of post meiotic development known?

A

Spermiogenesis.

Spermiation.

71
Q

What is spermiation?

A

The process by which mature spermatids are released from Sertoli cells into the seminiferous tubule lumen prior to their passage to the epididymis.

72
Q

Where do Meiosis 1 and 2 and all the cellular events of post meiotic development take place?

A

In the ad luminal compartment.

73
Q

What happens during Meiosis 1 and 2 and all the cellular events of post meiotic development?

A

Millions of spermatozoa are formed efficiently.

Developing germ cells are being transported progressively.

74
Q

From where are developing germ cells transported?

A

The basal.

75
Q

To where are developing germ cells transported?

A

The ad luminal compartment.

The edge of the seminiferous tubule lumen.

76
Q

Where are mature spermatozoa released at?

A

Spermiation.

77
Q

Where do mature spermatozoa enter?

A

Seminiferous tubule lumen.

78
Q

Why do mature spermatozoa enter the seminiferous tubule lumen?

A

For their eventual maturation.

79
Q

Where do mature spermatozoa eventually maturate?

A

In the epididymis.

80
Q

When do DNA changes occur?

A

During meiosis of 2 chromosomes.

81
Q

At what stage does the pairing of homologous chromosomes happen?

A

The zygotene stage.

82
Q

What happens to the DNA by the pachytene stage?

A

It is duplicated.

83
Q

When does crossing over occur?

A

At the diplotene stage.

84
Q

What factors are formed when Meiosis 1 proceeds?

A

2 secondary spermatocytes.

85
Q

Through what do the 2 secondary spermatocytes transited?

A

Meiosis 2.

86
Q

What do the 2 secondary spermatocytes form when they are transited through meiosis 2?

A

4 interconnected spermatids.

87
Q

What do the 4 interconnected spermatids undergo?

A

Morphological changes.

88
Q

During what did the 4 interconnected spermatids undergo morphological changes?

A

Spermiogenesis.

89
Q

By what is spermiogenesis followed?

A

Spermiation.

90
Q

What do most sperms have?

A

A tail.

91
Q

What can the morphology of the head do?

A

Differ.

92
Q

Where does the change of the head morphology differentiation is most notable seen?

A

In mouse sperm.

93
Q

Why is the function of the hook not known?

A

Because, the sperm doesn’t bind to the egg using the hook.

94
Q

How does the human sperm look?

A

A spatula with a flat oval head.

95
Q

With what does the size of the sperm heads appears to be correlated?

A

Genome size.

96
Q

What are the thickness of flagella in mammalian sperm?

A

Larger.

97
Q

What does the larger thickness of flagella in mammalian sperm reflect?

A

The more challenging swimming environment in vivo animals compared to the external fertilisers.

98
Q

By what is spermatogenesis driven?

A

The same hormones as oogenesis.

99
Q

What are the three key cell types that are necessary for spermatogenesis?

A
  1. Spermatogonia sperm cells.
  2. Leydig cells.
  3. Sertoli cells.
100
Q

What stage event is spermatogenesis characterised?

A

A complex multi stage event.

101
Q

What does spermatogenesis involve?

A 
Molecular
Genomic
Physiological 
Morphological
--> changes.
102
Q

How is the sperm cell shape across species characterised?

A

Highly conserved.

Medical Physiology (12 decks)

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