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Medical Physiology > Female Reproductive System > Flashcards

Female Reproductive System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What is the difference between lifespan in women and men?

A

Lifespan in women is shorter than men.

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2
Q

Why do males’ gametes suffer from less mutations?

A

Because males’ lifespan is longer than females’.

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3
Q

Why is males’ lifespan longer than women’s’?

A

Because oogenesis stops at prophase 1 when the woman was developing inside her mother.
Mother was carrying the daughter and the eggs that can produce her grandchild too.

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4
Q

When does cell division in spermagonial stem cells start?

A

When the boy begins puberty.

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5
Q

For how long is cell division in spermagonial stem cells last in men?

A

It will continue through most of his life.

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6
Q

What is the disadvantage of long lifespan in men of cell division?

A

As these cells renew they are more likely to pick up de novo mutations –> affect his offspring.

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7
Q

How many new mutations will the man have in his spermatogonial cells by age 40?

A

3-4 times as many new mutations.

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8
Q

With what might higher paternal age be associated?

A

With an increased risk of premature birth.

And low birth weight.

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9
Q

How much should significant values be to indicate an increased risk of premature birth and low birth weight?

A

Above 1.

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10
Q

How much should confidence intervals be of error bars, based on distribution of birth within each paternal age group?

A

99% confidence intervals.

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11
Q

When does the % of live birth from ART peak?

A

In late 20s.

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12
Q

When is the success rate of live births from ART very poor?

A

By mid-40s.

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13
Q

When does LH of getting pregnant drop?

A

When age increases.

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14
Q

With what does infertility rate increases?

A

With age.

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15
Q

Which factors hold the ovary in place in female anatomy?

A

Supporting ligaments.

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16
Q

From where does uterine tubule/fallopian tube run?

A

From ovary to uterus.

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17
Q

Where does uterus open?

A

To vagina via cervix.

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18
Q

What does the open nature of the female tract mean?

A

The cervix produces mucus to protect sterile tract.

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19
Q

What does the left hand side of female anatomy show?

A

The intact view.

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20
Q

What does the right hand side of female anatomy show?

A

A cut through of the tract.

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21
Q

Of which factors does ovary consist?

A

Of follicles at various maturation stages.

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22
Q

Why is the end not directly ovulated into the tubule?

A

Because the ends of the tubule/fimbriae/fingers help to grab the egg –> take it into the tubule.

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23
Q

What does the tubule do?

A

It helps move the egg down the tubule.

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24
Q

How does the tubule help to move the egg down the tubule?

A

It has ciliated cells that beat in harmony.

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25
Q

What is the Ampulla region of the tubule thought to be?

A

The site of fertilisation.

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26
Q

Where does the egg/developing embryo move, regardless of fertilisation?

A

Down to the uterus.

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27
Q

What happens to the embryo if fertilisation occurs?

A

It implants into the endometrium.

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28
Q

What occurs beneath the endometrium?

A

The myometrium.

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29
Q

What is the myometrium?

A

A muscular lay = place.

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30
Q

What is the perimetrim?

A

The outer most layer.

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31
Q

What happens to the endometrium and egg if fertilisation hasn’t occurred?

A

They will be lost upon menstruation.

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32
Q

What happens during the female lifespan?

A

Primordial germ cells –> divide –> begin to –> dye off.

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33
Q

What the germ cells division and dye off is part of?

A

The developmental natural selection as female baby develops.

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34
Q

How many primordial follicles occur at birth?

A

1M.

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35
Q

How many of the 1M primordial follicles will be recruited to develop each month?

A

Only some.

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36
Q

How many of 1M primordial follicles will be ovulated as the others die?

A

Only 1.

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37
Q

What happens in Turners syndrome?

A

Partial/complete absence of X chromosome.

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38
Q

How many people suffer from Turners syndrome?

A

70-80%.

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39
Q

What happens to the people that suffer from Turners syndrome?

A

They have no spontaneous pubertal development.

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40
Q

How many people with Turners syndrome experience primary amenorrhea?

A

90%.

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41
Q

What is ‘primary amenorrhea’?

A

Failure of menstrual cycle.

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42
Q

What happens to the 10% of people with Turners syndrome if they do not experience primary aemenorrhea?

A

They possess a small residual of ovarian follicles at birth or early childhood.

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43
Q

With what is smoking associated?

A

With increased risk of infertility.

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44
Q

Why do virus and infections cause infertility?

A

Because of the inflammatory response which damages tubules and ovaries.

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45
Q

What do Autoimmune conditions cause?

A

Follicle death.

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46
Q

What do Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy prevent?

A

Cell division.

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47
Q

What is the consequence of chemotherapy and radiotherapy preventing cell division?

A

Damage of follicles.

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48
Q

How is a secondary follicle with its fluid in an ovary called?

A

Antrum.

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49
Q

By what is the oocyte surrounded?

A

By the zona pellucida.

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50
Q

What is the zona pellucida?

A

A protective glycoprotein layer.

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51
Q

What are the cumulus cells?

A

Specialised epithelial cells.

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52
Q

With what are the cumulus cells ovulated?

A

With oocyte.

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53
Q

Why are the cumulus cells ovulated along with the oocyte?

A

To form the cumulus oocyte complex.

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54
Q

Why are Granulosa cells and theca cells important?

A

For hormone production.

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55
Q

What does a woman, elephant shrew, some bats and chimpanzees have in common?

A

They all menstruate.

56
Q

Into how many phases does menstrual cycle divided?

A

Three phases under hormonal control.

57
Q

What happens when the end of one cycle/menstruation happens?

A

A new one starts.

58
Q

By what is a new cycle driven?

A

By events in the hypothalamus.

59
Q

What do the events in the hypothalamus release?

A

GnRH.

60
Q

What is GnRH?

A

A peptide hormone.

61
Q

Where does GnRH act?

A

Locally on anterior pituitary.

62
Q

What does GnRH cause?

A

Release of two peptide gonadotropin hormones = FSH + LH.

63
Q

What happens to some follicles during the initial follicular and proliferative phase?

A

They are sensitive to FSH –> begin to mature.

64
Q

What does the secondary follicle begin to secrete as it is formed the thecal cells?

A

Oestrogen.

65
Q

How many roles does Oestrogen have?

A

2.

66
Q

What are the roles of Oestrogen?

A
  1. Stimulating endometrial growth.

2. Increasing LH release from anterior pituitary via positive feedback.

67
Q

What happens in mid-cycle?

A

Elevated oestrogen production causes LH surge = swell.

68
Q

What does LH surge trigger?

A

Ovulation.

69
Q

What do the remnants = υπολείματα, of the mature follicle become?

A

A structure called ‘corpus luteum’.

70
Q

What does ‘corpus luteum’ produce?

A

Progesterone + oestrogen.

71
Q

Why does corpus luteum produce progesterone and oestrogen?

A

To maintain the endometrium in preparation for embryo implantation.

72
Q

How is the maintaining of the endometrium in preparation for embryo implantation called?

A

The ‘secretory phase’.

73
Q

What do the high levels of hormones suppress?

A

The release of GnRH/FSH + LH.

74
Q

Why do the high levels of hormones suppress the release of GnRH/FSH + LH?

A

to prevent the next round of maturation from starting too soon.

75
Q

What happens to corpus luteum if implantation does not occur?

A

It will naturally die.

76
Q

What does the drop in oestrogen and progesterone production cause?

A

The endometrium o begin to die and start menstrual phase.

77
Q

What does the death of endometrium and start of menstrual cycle relieve?

A

The negative feedback on the hypothalamus and pituitary.

78
Q

What happens to the hypothalamus and pituitary when their negative feedback is relieved?

A

They release their hormones again.

They begin the next round of oocyte maturation.

79
Q

Of what does the Primordial follicle consist?

A

Of oocyte enclosed by single layer of flattened epithelial cells/granulosa cells.

80
Q

What does the induction by hormones/growth factors cause?

A

Morphology change.

81
Q

What happens in morphology change when hormones/growth factors are induced?

A

Granulosa cells become cuboidal.

Follicles become primary.

82
Q

When are secondary follicles formed

A

When granulosa cells proliferate and become layered.

83
Q

Which cells surround the follicle, in humans?

A

Thecal cells.

84
Q

In what function do granulosa cells and thecal cells participate?

A

In sex steroid synthesis.

85
Q

Where does de novo progesterone synthesis in thecal cells result?

A

In testosterone production.

86
Q

Where does testosterone production diffuse?

A

Into granulosa cells.

87
Q

To what is testosterone production converted when it diffuses into granulosa cells?

A

To oestrogen.

88
Q

What does post ovulation, LH/FSH surge upreluate?

A

Enzymes in granulosa cells –> increase –> progesterone production.

89
Q

What do granulosa cells produce when they increase progesterone production?

A

Oestrogen and progesterone.

90
Q

When does a tertiary follicle form?

A

When the fluid filled cavity/antrum is complete.

91
Q

What do thecal cells produce?

A

An androgen progenitor.

92
Q

Why do thecal cells produce an androgen precursor?

A

In response to LH.

93
Q

Where does the androgen precursor from the thecal cells diffuse?

A

Into the adjacent granulosa cells.

94
Q

What do the adjacent granulosa cells do to the androgen precursor once it diffuses in them?

A

They enzymatically alter it –> produce –> oestradiol.

95
Q

For what molecule is cholesterol a precursor?

A

For androstendone.

96
Q

Where is androstendone aromatise?

A

In the granulosa cells.

97
Q

Why is androstendone aromatised in the granulosa cells?

A

To produce oestradiol.

98
Q

What do thecal cells produce?

A

Progesterone.

99
Q

From which molecule do thecal cells produce progesterone?

A

From the intermediate pregnenolone.

100
Q

When do thecal cells produce progesterone from pregnenolone?

A

After ovulation in conjunction with remaining granulosa cells.

101
Q

What do the remaining granulosa cells form together?

A

The corpus luteum.

102
Q

What do the ovulated granulosa cells/cumulus cells surrounding the oocyte continue to produce?

A

Oestradiol + progesterone.

103
Q

Under which influence do the ovulated granulosa cells continue to produce oestradiol and progesterone?

A

FSH.

104
Q

What happens to the sperm after it has fused to the plasma membrane of the oocyte?

A

It fuses the DNA decondenses as it begins to form the male pro-nucleus.

105
Q

What does the oocyte enter after ovulation?

A

The tubule.

106
Q

By what can the tubule be fertilised?

A

By a spermatozoon.

107
Q

Of what does the zygote consist?

A

Of the male and female pro-nuclei.

108
Q

What the zygote become after the oocyte completes meiosis?

A

A diploid single cell embryo.

109
Q

Where does the zygote progress after oocyte completes meiosis?

A

Down the tubule.

110
Q

What does the zygote undergo, down the tubule, after the oocyte completes meiosis?

A

Cell division as it moves.

111
Q

How many main cell types do the cells form by day 5?

A

2.

112
Q

Which are the 2 main cell types the cells form by day 5?

A
  1. Trophoectoderm.

2. ICM.

113
Q

Where does the Trophoectoderm contribute?

A

To formation of the placenta.

114
Q

What does ICM become?

A

The baby.

115
Q

What is trophoectoderm by day 8-9?

A

A blastocyst.

116
Q

Into what is ICM divided by day 8-9?

A

Into the 2 layers:

  1. Hypoblast.
  2. Epiblast.
117
Q

To what does hypoblast contribute?

A

Chorion.

Amniotic sac formation.

118
Q

What is ‘chorion’?

A

Outer most membrane surrounding the embryo.

Example = The amniotic sac.

119
Q

What is the ‘epiblast’?

A

The pluripotent primary lineage.

120
Q

What will the ‘epiblast’ form in a complex process of differentiation called ‘gastrulation’?

A

The definitive germ layers.

121
Q

Into where does the blastocyst implant?

A

The uterine epithelial cell lining.

122
Q

Where does trophoectoderm open?

A

Out of the zona pellucida.

123
Q

How many cell types does trophoectoderm contain?

A

2.

124
Q

What does the epiblast form?

A

The fetus.

125
Q

Into how many germ layers does epiblast differentiate?

A

3.

126
Q

Which are the three germ layers epiblast differentiates into?

A
  1. Ectoderm.
  2. Mesoderm.
  3. Endoderm.
127
Q

What do cell from each layer do?

A

They differentiate.

128
Q

What do cells from each layer become after they differentiate?

A

Fully differentiated cell types in specific areas of the body.

129
Q

What do women have?

A

A well defined fertility window.

130
Q

In which context must the menstrual cycle be discussed?

A

Of ovarian and uterine changes.

131
Q

What does the stage of the cycle affect?

A

Sperm capacity.

132
Q

Why does the stage of the cycle affect sperm capacity?

A

To progress up the tract.

133
Q

By what is the menstrual cycle and oocyte development driven?

A

Cyclical hormonal changes in the CNS and ovary.

134
Q

What does follicle maturation produce?

A

A mature egg of well defined structures.

135
Q

What does early developmental stages involve?

A

Repeated cell division.

Continued regional specialisation to produce all cell types.

Medical Physiology (12 decks)

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