Spelling

Question 1

Precommunicative Stage

Answer 1

through early k
letters with no letter-sound relationship
lack of knowledge of drection, letters

Question 2

Semiphonetic Stage

Answer 2

kindergarten
beginning knowledge of alphabetic principles
single letters to represent words
order: first, last, middle letter/sounds

Question 3

phonetic stage

Answer 3

grades 1 to 2
letter, group of letters to represent sounds they hear
systematic errors

Question 4

Transitional Stage

Answer 4

grades 2-3
assimilate conventional alternatives for representing sounds
move from relying solely on sounds for representing words to greater understanding of common letter patterns and word structure (ex: highked for hiked)

Question 5

Intermediate

Answer 5

3-5 grades
mastered basic rules but may still make errors with complex or irregular spellings
begin to learn about prefixes, suffixes, and more advanced spelling patterns

Question 6

Advanced

Answer 6

5th grade and beyond
spells more words accurately
use strategies like mnemonic devices, rules for adding suffixes, and knowledge of word origins (etymology) to tackle more difficult words

Question 7

Mature speller

Answer 7

later elementary to adult
spelling is typically automatic for most words, but even adult spellers may occasionally misspell complex or irregular words
knowledge of spelling conventions and rules for compund words, prefixes, and suffixes becomes more refined

Question 8

General Alignment of Decoding and Spelling Development

Answer 8

phonological Awareness
Sound-Symbol Correspondences
Syllable Patterns and Morphology

Question 9

Phonological Awareness

Answer 9

a child’s ability to hear and manipulate sounds. Understanding syllables, rhymes, and onset-rime helps with spelling and decoding

Question 10

Sound-Symbol Correspondence

Answer 10

initally focus on most predictable and regular letter-sound correspondence (CVCs). Later, expand to complex patterns like digraphs, diphthongs, and vowel teams

Question 11

Syllable Patterns and Morphology

Answer 11

in later stages they begin to understand how words are built from roots and this affects spelling and pronunciation