SPEECH: Speech production 1 Flashcards
how is speech produced?
precisely coordinated muscle actions in the head, neck, chest, and abdomen
what are the 4 stages of the classical model of speech production?
Respiration
Phonation
Resonance
Articulation
what is respiration ?
The process of getting oxygen into the body and releasing carbon dioxide
how is atmospheric air pumped in and out?
regularly through a system of pipes, called conducting airways
what does the lower airway system consist of?
The lower airway system consists of the larynx, the trachea, the stem bronchi, and all the airways ramifying intensively within the lungs.
what does the upper airway system consist of?
The upper airway system comprises the nose and the paranasal cavities (or sinuses), the pharynx (or throat), and partly also the oral cavity, since it may be used for breathing.
do speak on inhalation or exhalation?
We speak on exhalation.
what impact does longer inhalation have on speech?
The longer our inhalation,the more words we can produce clearly as we breathe out. In addition, the deeper we breathe in, the more force, or louder, we can project our voice.
what does the human speech system consists of and what are their roles?
1)Lungs- pump air up towards voice box and vocal tract
2) Voice box- vocal cords vibrate to form voice
3)vocal tract- nasal cavity/ oral cavity resonate voice
where is the Larynx located what is its structure?
Larynx (also ‘voicebox’) isa hollow, tubular structure connected to the top of the windpipe (trachea). For humans, it’s above the lung, and below the pharynx.
The larynx consists of an intricate array of muscles, ligaments, and cartilaginous structures that provide several vital functions.
what is the role of the larynx?
Protection of the airway during swallowing; controlling access to the airway; vibration of vocal folds
where are the vocal cords/ vocal folds found?
The vocal cords (also called vocal folds) aretwo bands of smooth muscle tissue found in the larynx(voice box).
They are usually untouched and left open during respiration. You can prevent air to flow through by closing your vocal fold.
what are the 5 delicate layers of the vocal cords/ vocal folds?
top to bottom
- Epithelium
- Superficial layer
- Intermediate layer
- Deep layer
- Muscle
what is the impact of opening and closing vocal cords/ vocal folds?
If you leave the vocal folds open during speaking, then you are producing voiceless speech.
If you vibrate the vocal folds when speaking, that is voiced speech.
how do the vocal cords vibrate?
-when exhaling air from the lungs, vocal cords come really close to each other, close enough that air pressure builds up under the larynx.
-the vocal cords are pushed apart by this increased subglottal pressure. the inferior part of each fold leads to the superior part .
-this wave like motion causes a transfer of energy from the airflow to the fold tissue.
-As the airflow pushes the folds apart, energy is transferred from the airflow to the tissues of the vocal folds. This transfer of energy is crucial for creating sound.
-Sustainment of oscillation: If the energy transferred to the tissues is sufficient to overcome any losses due to dissipation (energy loss), then the oscillation pattern (the wave-like motion of the folds) will sustain itself. This is essential for continuous sound production.
-Sound generation: Essentially, sound is produced in the larynx by chopping up the steady flow of air (from exhalation) into little puffs of sound waves. These “puffs” of sound waves are created by the opening and closing of the vocal folds in a coordinated manner.
when you exhale air, the pressure builds up beneath the larynx, causing the vocal folds to open and close in a wave-like motion, which generates sound.
