Speech sound midterm Flashcards
Form Vs. Function
Audible sequence of speech sounds and the specific meaning conveyed through this sequence
Incidence of speech sound disorders refers to…
the number of new cases identified in a specified period
Prevalence of speech sound disorders refers to…
the number of children who are living with speech problems in a given time period. (new cases + old cases)
How many children ages 3-17 have a speech disorder that lasted for a week or longer during the past 12 months?
5%
motor movements involved in sound production that comprises speech
articulation
structures important in forming the individual sounds
articulators
represent physical sound realities; end product of articulatory motor processes
Speech sounds/ phones
smallest linguistic unit that is able, when combined with other units, to distinguish meaning between words (bat vs cat).
Phonemes
variations in phoneme productions (aka phones) that don’t changes the meaning of the word (eg. Kitten)
Allaphones
study of how phonemes are organized and function in a language
Phonology
description of allowed combinations of phonemes in a particular language
Phonotactics
speech sound errors noted as normal in the development of speech but persist past age of normal speech sound acquisition in some children
Delay
atypical production of phones
Subsection of a speech sound disorder
substitutions , omissions, additions, and distortions
Eval. with a phonetic inventory
Articulation disorder
impaired comprehension of the sound system of a language and the rules that govern these sound combinationsPhonological disorder
Phonological disorder
contains more linguistic complexity and is a subdivision of a language disorder. Focuses on predictable, rule-based errors (fronting, stopping, final consonant deletion) that affect more than one sound.
Phonology
contains more motor movements involved in sound production that comprises speech. Focuses on errors (distortions & substitutions) in production of individual speech sounds.
Articulation
What is form and what is function
form = speech sound
function = phoneme
functional =
no known cause, most frequently the reason
variations in phoneme productions (a.k.a phones) that don’t change the meaning of the word.
Allophones
2 or more allophones never occur in exactly some phonetic environment. Keep vs. coop.
Allophonic variation
2 types of allophonic variation
complementary distribution/ free variation
allophones never occur in exactly the same phonetic environment
Keep v coop
front /k/ will occur with front vowels, back /k/ will occur with back vowels
complementary disrtibution
Allophones that can occur in same phonetic context
Released and unreleased /p/ can both occur in final position
Free variation
Speech sound meaning and function
Meaning-establish and meaning distinguishing function
Function – speech sound turning into language
What is phoneme and form
Sounds that are not meaning fun on their own
Form – sound on its own
What are phones
variations in phoneme production
the collection of data
Appraisal
the end result of studying and interpreting these data
Diagnosis
What are the goals of evaluation (6)
Determining whether speech sounds system is sufficiently different from normal and warrants treatment
Identify factors that might be related to presence or maintenance of speech sound disorder
Determine treatment direction including target selection and strategies
Making prognostic statements regarding change with/without treatment
Monitor change (is therapy working?)
Differentiate speech sound disorder from dialect
make sure the structure and function of these areas are assessed
Speech and hearing Mechanisms
Look for a history of
ear infections
process of transforming a continually changing acoustic signal into discrete linguistic units
Speech perception
There is no link between…
iq and speech disorder
People who have __________ are likely to have speech sound disorders
cognitive impairment
There is a relationship between _________ and speech sound disorder
syntactic complexity
Treating a language disorder may indirectly improve _____accuracy
Speech sound
Kids w SSD often have difficulty with _____
Reading
Age – positive correlation between age and skills
Family background – first born has better artic skills
Personality – no evidence of correlation
.
/a/:
Low front unrounded
/i/:
a high-front, unrounded.
/e/: \
a mid-front vowel, unrounded.
/I/: \
a high-front unrounded vowel.
/o/:
a mid-back rounded vowel.
/u/:
high-back unrounded vowel
Narrow band
Phonetic
Enclosed in brackets [ ]
Describes allophones or variations in phonemes
Broadband
Phonemic
Enclosed in virgules / /
less detailed and only concerned with phonemes
/p/
Bilabial, voiceless, stop
/b/
bilabial, voiced, stop
/t/
alveolar, voiceless, stop
/d/
alveolar, voiced, stop
/k/
Velar, voiceless, stop
/g/
Velar, voiced, stop
/f/
Labiodental, voiceless, fricative
/v/
labiodental, voiced, fricative
/th/ (circle one)
dental, voiceless, fricative
/th/ (weird f looking one)
dental, voiced, fricative
/s/
alveolar, voiceless, fricative
/z/
alveolar, voiced, fricative
/sh/
palatal, voiceless, fricative
/j/ (like in judge
palatal, voiced, fricative
/ch/
palatal, voiceless, affricate
/dj/
palatal, voiced, affricate
/l/
alvelar, voiced, liquid
/r/
palatal, voiced, liquid
/w/
bilabial, voiced, glide
/y/
palatal, voiced, glide
/m/
bilabial, voiced, nasal
/n/
alveolar, voiced, nasal
/ing/
velar, voiced, nasal
meaning attached to words (vocabulary)
semantic
minimum meaningful units in the language (words, plural markers, tense markers, etc.)
morphology
grammatical rules for putting words together
syntax
using language appropriately in social context
pragmatics
ability to string sentences together to communicate
discourse
Organic cause=
motor, sensory, structural
Traditional development intervention approach is
target early developing sounds
complexity approach is
select later developing sounds
3 way speech acquisition data is collected
Diary studies (case studies)
Large-group cross-sectional studies
Longitudinal studies
laying the foundation for speech (birth to 1 year)
Cooing, babbling, protowords, first words
phase 1 of speech sound acquisition
phase 1
birth-1yr
cooing, babbling, protowords, first words
transitioning from words to speech (1 to 2 years)
Words to connected speech (two words)
phase 2 of speech sound acquisition
Phase 2
1-2 years
two words
the growth of the inventory (2 to 5 years)
phase 3 of speech sound acquisition
phase 3
2-5 years
mastery of speech and literacy (5+ years)
phase 4 of speech sound acquisition
shrinbergs 3 stages
Early 8 /m, b, j, n, w, d, p, h/
Middle 8 /t, ŋ, k, g, f, v, ʧ, ʤ/
Late 8 /ʃ, θ, s, z, ð, l, r, Ʒ/
Syllable structure processes are the tendency of young children to reduce words to basic CV structures
1;6 to 4;0
baba mama dada
Suppression of reduplication is a common process
up to 2 years
Suppression of final consonant deletion
up to around age 3
Suppression of unstressed syllable deletion
up to 5 years
“nana” for banana
Suppression of consonant cluster reduction
up to school age
the insertion of a sound segment into a word, thereby changing its syllable structure
epenthesis
the replacement of fricatives and affricates with plosives
stopping
to the tendency of young children to replace palatal and velar consonants with alveolar ones
fronting
the replacement of primarily [ɹ] and [l] with the glides [w] and [j]
gliding
mental operation substituting a more easily produced set of sounds or sound combination for a more difficult set of sounds
phonological process
Sounds produced without hindering the airstream with any blockages in the oral cavity
continuant
Sounds produced with a slow release of a total obstruction within the oral cavity
delayed release
focuses on words and structures of words (syllables)
prosodic tier
focuses on segments or speech sounds (use of distinctive features)
segmental tier
________ have the most sonority
vowels
two ways speech sounds are viewed
Motor production
Expression of language
syllable nuclei
vowels
